A Survey of Leaf Epicuticular Waxes and Trichomes in the Genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science
© 2018 by SSRG - IJAES Journal
Volume 5 Issue 2
Year of Publication : 2018
Authors : Hafez Mahfoud, Stefan Wanke, Christoph Neinhuis
pdf
How to Cite?

Hafez Mahfoud, Stefan Wanke, Christoph Neinhuis, " A Survey of Leaf Epicuticular Waxes and Trichomes in the Genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)," SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, vol. 5,  no. 2, pp. 20-30, 2018. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942568/IJAES-V5I2P104

Abstract:

A scanning electron microscopic survey of leaf surface features in the genus Aristolochia was performed including samples from the New and Old World with a special emphasis on the Mediterranean species. The present SEM-study revealed that the investigated taxa can be divided into three groups according to the type of leaf epicuticular waxes. Furthermore, the Mediterranean Aristolochia species can be divided into two groups: all west Mediterranean species are characterized by wax platelets whereas the Caucasian and Near East species show wax rodlets known as the “Aristolochia type”. Other investigated characters are the absence or presence and the type of trichomes on the adaxial leaf surface. In general a glabrous group (~ 19% of the investigated taxa) and the pubescent group (~ 81%) could be separated. The latter can further be subdivided into four basic types of trichomes: a) hookshaped trichomes (two cells) present in most taxa, b) conical multi-cellular and erect to sub-erect trichomes being characteristic for some East Mediterranean species, c) multicellular-elongated trichomes with cylindrical base and an elongated acute apex (Aristolochia grandiflora complex and Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia), and d) glandular trichomes with rounded tip found only in A. triactina (subgenus Pararistolochia).

Keywords:

Aristolochia, Micromorphology, taxonomy, leaf waxes, trichoms, SEM.

References:

[1] W. Barthlott, “Epidermal and seed surface characters of Plants: Systematic applicability and some evolution aspects,” Nordic. J. Bot., vol. 1(3), pp. 345-355. 1981.
[2] H. HUBER. “Samenmerkmale und Gliederung der Aristolochiaceen“. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 277-320. 1985.
[3] A. S. Adams, M. J. Baskin, and C. C. Baskin, “Comparative morphology of seeds of four closely related species of Aristolochiaceae subgenus Siphisia (Aristolochiaceae, Piperales) ,” Bot. J. Linn. Soc., vol. 148(4), pp. 433-436. 2004.
[4] F. González, and D. W. Stevenson, “Perianth development and systematics of Aristolochia,” Flora., vol. 195(4), pp. 370-391. 2000.
[5] W. Barthlott, C. Neinhuis, D. Cutler, F. Ditsch, I. Meusel, I. Theisen, and H. Wilhelmi, “Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes,” Bot. J. Linn. Soc., vol. 126(3), pp. 237-260. 1998.
[6] S. Hennig, W. Barthlott, I. Meusel, and I. Theisen, “Mikromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und die Systematik der Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae und Hamamelididae,” Tropische und subtropische Pflanzenwelt., vol. 90, pp. 5-60. 1994.
[7] W. Barthlott, I. Theisen, T. Borsch, and C. Neinhuis, “Epicuticular waxes and vascular plant systematics: integrating micromorphological and chemical data. In: Stuessy, Mayer, Hörandl (Eds.): Deep morphology. Toward a renaissance of morphology in plant systematics,” Gantner Verlag Rugell, Liechtenstein. 2003.
[8] Z. Yousuf, K. Z. Shinwar, R. Asghar, and A. Parveen, “Leaf epidermal anatomy of selected Allium species, family Alliaceae from Pakistan,” J. Bot., vol. 40(1), pp. 77-90. 2008.
[9] R. Veeramohan, and N. Watharon, “Macromorphological and micromorphological studies of four selected Passiflora species in peninsular Malaysia,” Pak. J. Bot. vol. 47(2), pp. 485-492. 2015.
[10] D. T. Leandro, S. E. Dias, and O. C. R. Arruda, “Micromorphology and anatomy of the leaf blade: a contribution to the taxonomy of Luziola (Poaceae, Oryzoideae) from the Pantanal, Brazil,” Plant Systematic and Evolution., vol. 302 (3), pp. 265-273. 2016.
[11] B. Mankovska, B. Godzik, O. Badea, Y. Shparyk, and P. Moravcik, “Chemical and morphological characteristics of key tree species of the Carpathian Mountains,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 130(1), pp. 41-54. 2004.
[12] R. Riccio, M. Trevisan, and E. Capri, “Effect of surface waxes on the persistence of chlorpyrifos-methyl in apples, strawberries and grapefruits,” Food Addit. Contam., vol. 23(7), pp. 683-692. 2007.
[13] H. J. Ensikat, and W. Barthlott, “Liquid substitution: A versatile procedure for SEM specimen preparation of biological materials without drying or coating,” J. Microsc., vol. 172(3), pp. 195-203. 1993.
[14] W. L. Theobald, J. L. Krahulik, and R. C. Rollins, “Trichome description and classification,” In C.R. Metcalfe and L. Chalk (eds.), Anatomy of the Dicotlydons, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford., vol. 1, pp. 40-53. 1979.
[15] M. R. W. Batterman, and T. G. Lammers, “Branched foliar trichomes of Lobeliodeae (Campanulaceae) and the infrageneric classification of Centropogon,” Syst. Bot., vol. 29(2), pp. 448-458. 2004.
[16] L. A. Khokhar, T. M. Rajput, and S. S. Tahir, “Taxonomic study of the trichomes in the some members of the genus Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) ,” Pak. J. Bot., vol. 44(4), pp. 1219-1224. 2010.
[17] S. M. Hajiabad, M. Hardt, and B. Honermeier, “Comparative investigation about the trichome morphology of Common oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) and Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum) ,” Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants., vol. 1(2), pp. 50-58. 2014.
[18] R. C. Rollins, “Evidence for natural hybridity between Guayule (Parthenium aryentatum) and Mariola (Parthenium incanum) ,” Am. J. Bot., vol. 31(2), pp. 93-99. 1944.
[19] R. C. Rollins, “Some known and probable levels of reciprocal introgression between Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) and Mariola (Parthenium incanum),” [Abs.] Genetics., vol. 30(4), pp. 18 -19. 1945.
[20] O. E. Schultz, “Cruciferae,” Pp. 227-658 in: Engler, A. & Harms, B. (ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, ed. 2. 17b. Leipzig. 1936.
[21] J. M. Cowan, “The Rhododendron Leaf: A study of the epidermal appendages,” Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. pp. 120. 1950.
[22] N. Ramayya, “Studies on the trichomes of some Compositae I. General structure,” Bull. Bot. Surv. India., vol. 4, pp. 177- 188. 1962.
[23] A. K. Khalik, “Morphological studies on trichomes of Brassicaceae in Egypt and taxonomic significance,” Acta. Bot. Croat., vol. 64(1), pp. 57-73. 2005.
[24] P. H. Davis, and V. H. Heywood, “Principles of angiosperm taxonomy,” Krieger. pp.559. 1973.
[25] C. Clark, W. C. Thompson, and D. W. Kyhos, “Comparative morphology of the leaf trichomes of Encelia (Compositae: Heliantheae) ,” Botanical Society of America, Misc. Publ., pp.158. 1980.
[26] T. Borsch, C. Löhne, K. Müller, S. Wanke, A. Worberg, W. Barthlott, C. Neinhuis, K. W. Hilu, and D. Quandt, “Towards understanding basal angiosperm diversification: recent insights using fast evolving genomic regions,” Nova. Acta. Leopold., vol. 342, pp. 85-110. 2005.
[27] C. Neinhuis, S. Wanke, K. W. Hilu, K. Muller, and T. Borsch, “Phylogeny of Aristolochiaceae based on parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses of trnL-trnF sequences,” Plant . Syst. Evol., vol. 250(1-2), pp. 7-26. 2005.
[28] S. Wanke, F. Gonzales, and C. Neinhuis, “Systematics of pipevines: combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae),” Int. J. Plant. Sci., vol. 167(6), pp. 1215-1227. 2006.
[29] J. Murata, T. Ohi-Thoma, S. Wu, D. Darnaedi, T. Sugawara, T. Nakanishi, and H. Murata, “Molecular phylogeny of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) inferred from matK sequences,” Acta Phytotaxon Geobot., vol. 52(1), pp. 75-83. 2001.
[30] T. Ohi-Toma, T. Sugawara, H. Murata, S. Wanke, C. Neinhuis, and J. Murata, “Molecular Phylogeny of Aristolochia sensu lato (Aristolochiaceae) based on Sequences of rbcL, matK, and phyA Genes, with special reference to differentiation of Chromosome numbers,” Syst. Bot. vol. 31(3), pp. 481-492. 2006.
[31] E. Nardi, “The genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) in Italy,” Webbia. Vol. 38(1), pp. 221-300. 1984.
[32] E. Nardi, “Renewed proposal to reject Aristolochia longa L. (Aristolochiaceae) ,” Taxon., vol. 37(4), pp. 978-980. 1988.
[33] E. Nardi, “The genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) in Greece,” Webbia., vol. 45(1), pp. 31-69. 1991.
[34] E. Nardi, and C. N. Nardi, “Taxonomic and chlorogical notes on the genus Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) from the Central and Eastern Mediterranean area,” Bot. Helvetica., vol. 97, pp. 155-165. 1987.
[35] E. Nardi, and C. Recceri, “II genere Aristolochia I. In Corsica,” Webbia., vol. 41, pp. 225-239. 1987.
[36] P. H. Davis, and M. S. Khan, “Aristolochia in the Near East,” Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh., vol. 23, pp. 515-546. 1961.
[37] P. H. Davis, and M. S. Khan, “Two new Aristolochias from Turkey,” Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh., vol. 25, pp. 67- 69. 1964.
[38] P. H. Davis, and M. S. Khan, “Aristolochia L. in: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands,” Edinburgh., vol. 7, pp. 552-565. 1982.
[39] S. Wanke, “Evolution of the genus Aristolochia: Systematics, Molecular Evolution and Ecology,” Dissertation TU Dresden, Germany (online available). pp. 159. 2007.
[40] I. Theisen, and W. Barthhlott, “Mikromorphologie der Epicuticularwachse und die Systematik der Gentianales, Rubiales, Dipsacales und Calycerales,” Tropische und subtropische Pflanzenwelt., vol. 89, pp. 7-62. 1994.
[41] H. De Groot, S. Wanke, and C. Neinhuis, “Revision of the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) in Africa, Madagascar, and adjacent islands,” Bot. J. Linn. Soc., vol. 151(2), pp. 219- 238. 2006.
[42] F. González, S. T. Wagner, K. Salomo, L. Symmank, M. S. Samain, S. Isnard, N. Rowe, C. Neinhuis, and S. Wanke, “Present trans-Pacific disjunct distribution of Aristolochia subgenus Isotrema (Aristolochiaceae) was shaped by dispersal, vicariance and extinction,” Journal of Biogeography. Vol. 41, pp. 380–391. 2014.
[43] B J. Bliss, S. Wanke, A. Barakat, S. Ayyampalayam, N. Wickett, P. K. Wall, Y. Jiao, L. Landherr, P. E. Ralph, Y. Hu, C. Neinhuis, J. Leebens-Mack, K. Arumuganathan, S. W. Clifton, S. N. Maximova, H. Ma, and C. W. dePamphilis, “Characterization of the basal angiosperm Aristolochia fimbriata: A potential experimental system for genetic studies,” BMC Plant Biology., vol. 13: (13). 2013.
[44] S. Wanke, C. Granados Mendoza, S. Müller, A. Paizanni Guillén, C. Neinhuis, A. R. Lemmon, E. Moriaty Lemmon, and M. S. Samain, “Recalcitrant deep and shallow nodes in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) illuminated using anchored hybrid enrichment,” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution., vol. 117, pp. 111-123. 2017.