Citation :

Mardiaman, Minson Simatupang, "Integrating Socio-Cultural Factors into Construction Schedule Delay Analysis: A PLS-SEM Study on Public Housing Projects," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 53-63, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I7P104

Abstract

Schedule overruns represent a continuing problem in public housing construction, in which the performance of projects is determined not only by laboratory conditions determined in technical or management approaches but also by context-sensitive societal and other mores. Despite the fact that previous works mostly centre on operational and environmental aspects as explanatory variables of delay, very few quantitative models directly include socio-cultural factors. Notably, the collective effects of internal, external, managerial–administrative, and socio-cultural factors on construction schedule delays are tested in this study through the application of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data were collected by 99 professionals involved in public housing projects. The measurement model assessment indicates satisfactory reliability and validity. Structural analysis reveals managerial and administrative factors having the greatest effect on schedule delays (β = 0.365, p = 0.001), with socio-cultural factors having the second highest relationship with system delay (β = 0.261, p < 0.001), followed by internal factors (β = 0.259, p = 035) and external factors (β = 0185, p=48). The model explains 27% of construction schedule delay variance (R² = 0.270), showing moderate explanatory capacity for socio-organization study contexts. The outcomes suggest that the schedule performance in public housing projects is more influenced by the quality of governance and community dynamics than technical or environmental aspects. This study extends delay analysis frameworks by proposing an explicit consideration of socio-cultural variables as a latent construct, which also provides useful insights for realistic approaches to involve stakeholders and strengthen the administration in schedule management activities.

Keywords

Construction delay, PLS-SEM, Project schedule performance, Public housing, Socio-cultural factors.

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