Land Use Effect on Water Resources of Ternate Island and Its Management Strategy

International Journal of Civil Engineering

© 2025 by SSRG - IJCE Journal

Volume 12 Issue 12

Year of Publication : 2025

Authors : Abdul Halim, Rosady Mulyadi, Edward Syarief

10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I12P115

How to Cite?

Abdul Halim, Rosady Mulyadi, Edward Syarief, "Land Use Effect on Water Resources of Ternate Island and Its Management Strategy," SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 12,  no. 12, pp. 158-169, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I12P115

Abstract:

The high urbanization rate of Ternate Island, a small volcanic island located in North Maluku Province, Indonesia, has dramatically changed the land-use patterns of the island in the last twenty years. This paper will analyze how these changes, especially forest land and agricultural land being transformed into built-up spaces, affect the recharge capacity of the groundwater and the sustainability of the water resources in general. On the basis of multi-temporal satellite images (Landsat 7 and 8 of 2009-2023), GIS-based spatial analysis, hydrological modeling, and SWOT analysis, the study indicates that the areas under built-up hindrances grew by 943.3 ha in 2009 to over 2,000 ha in 2023, whereas forest cover refers to the decline of about 24 percent. Although the slopes of Mount Gamalama have fairly high potential for natural infiltration, the rising impervious surfaces have decreased the effective groundwater recharge and the risk of flooding during heavy rainfall. Despite having registered a surplus of 38.9 million m3 of water in 2018, the current plans to keep converting land unless the situation is controlled pose a threat to long-term water security. The proposed study is an integrated management framework that incorporates the concept of green infrastructure (retention ponds, biopores), mandatory green open space regulations, and reforestation targets, as well as digital monitoring systems. Contrary to earlier studies wherein the majority of the research concentrated on mainland or larger islands, this study is the first to carry out a comprehensive spatial-hydrological evaluation with specific reference to small volcanic islands with high levels of demographic pressure within eastern Indonesia that can be transferred to other island-like situations of the world.

Keywords:

Land use, Management, Ternate, Water balance, Water resource.

References:

[1] Achmad Firas Khudi, and Harya S. Dillon, Planning for Sustainability and Resilience in Ternate, 1st ed., Routledge Handbook of Urban Indonesia, pp. 324-337, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Muhammad Zais M. Samiun, “Optimal Island City Capacity: Ternate City Case,” International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 46-58, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Mohammad Ridwan Lessy, Jonatan Lassa, and Kerstin K. Zander, “Understanding Multi-Hazard Interactions and Impacts on Small-Island Communities: Insights from the Active Volcano Island of Ternate, Indonesia,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 1-23, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Philia Christi Latue, and Heinrich Rakuasa, “Land Cover Change Analysis of Ternate Selatan Sub-District, Ternate City in 2014 and 2024,” Journal of Selvicoltura Asean, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17-22, 2024.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Putrie Saridewi, and Dedy Pribadi Uang, “Negotiation of Water Resource Management Conflict in the Tolire Lake Tourism Area, Ternate City, North Maluku Province,” IPDN, 2025.
[Google Scholar]
[6] Charles Mekardi Ham, “Reflecting on the 1775 Mount Gamalama Eruption: Lessons from Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Ternate Island, North Maluku Province, Indonesia,” Journal of Human Ecology and Sustainability, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1-17, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Firdawaty Marasabessy, and Vrita Tri Aryuni, “Participatory Mapping of Environment Sanitation Conditions in Settlement of Floating House in Ternate City,” Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 216-226, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Mohammad Ridwan Lessy, Nani Nagu, and Fais Nurul Hadi, “Toward Resilience City: Potential Hazards and Scenario for Ternate Island, North Maluku,” TECHNO: Research Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-36, 2024.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Ramdani Salam et al., “Limitation on the Number of Groundwater Well Pumps in the Coastal Area of Ternate Island,” TECHNO: Research Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 10-18, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[10] Kusrini et al., “Land Use Changes of Ternate Island 2017-2022,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 468, pp. 1-4, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Ega Widyawati et al., “Rationalization of Rainfall Station in Ternate Island,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 328, pp. 1-5, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Nani Nagu et al., “Performance Study of Regional Water Supply Company of Ternate City, North Maluku,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1899, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Nani Nagu, Badrun Ahmad, and Sary Shandy, “Water Quality Evaluation of Ternate Laguna Lake for Domestic and Non-Domestic Needs of the Community,” Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 168-175, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Zubair Saing, Wawan A.K. Conoras, and Julhija Rasai, “Hydrogeological Potential 3D Model Analysis in Groundwater Basins in Volcanic Areas of North Maluku,” Civil Engineering and Architecture, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 873-891, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Faisal et al., “Penal and Social Aspects of Water Theft: A Case Study of Ternate City,” Journal of the Faculty of Law, Islamic University of Malang, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 223-238, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Ramli Hadun et al., “Analysis of the Availability and Water Requirements of Dryland Farming and the Water Needs of Residents in Hiri Island, Ternate City, North Maluku,” Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 6017-6023, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Nani Nagu, Badrun Ahmad, and Sary Shandy, “Analysis of the Quality and Quantity of Ngade Lake as a Source of Clean Water in Ternate City,” Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 47-53, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Aprianto Hud Arfa, “Study of Land Issues after the Cold Lava Flood Disaster of Mount Gamalama (Study in Tubo Village, North Ternate District),” Diploma Thesis, National Land College, 2021.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Yusri, “Short Review on River Basin Management in Ternate City; Recommendation,” Proceeding of International Conference on Applied Smart and Green Innovation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 140-147, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Nursia Aja, Drajat Tri Kartono, and Saiful Hi Soleman, “Optimization of the Ake Gaale Regional Drinking Water Company on Sea Water Pollution and Sanitation in Clean Water Management In Ternate City,” International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1195-1201, 2022.
[Google Scholar]
[21] Iksan Moh Ali Mustafa, “Review of Problems on River Basin Integrated Management Policies; Study Case Ternate City,” Proceeding of International Conference on Applied Smart and Green Innovation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 74-79, 2023.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Kadri Daud et al., “Hydrogeochemical Character and Groundwater Potential in Ternate Basin, North Maluku, Indonesia,” Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 492-503, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]