Citation :

A.Ravi Shankar, T.R.Jyothsna, "SMC Control for EMF Induced in Rotor Circuit of DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System During Voltage Dips," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 105-118, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V13I4P108

Abstract

Variable-speed operation and partial-scale power converter capabilities are the primary reasons for the growing popularity of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) that are based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG). These systems are both cost-effective and efficient. However, the rotor windings are subject to substantial Electromotive Forces (EMF) when the grid voltage decreases, which can lead to excessive rotor currents, converter saturation, and the potential for grid disconnection. The conventional mitigation solutions, such as crowbar circuits and PI-based controllers, either limit the controllability of the system or lack the resilience necessary to withstand large shocks. The Sliding Mode Control (SMC) technique is proposed in this study for the rotor-side converter to modulate rotor currents and reduce induced electromagnetic fields during symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage fluctuations. Compliance with the control law is verified by testing the Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) grid code requirements, which incorporates a boundary layer to reduce chattering and features a boundary layer. This ensures robust monitoring of current references. In comparison to conventional controllers, the suggested method is shown to reduce rotor current overshoot dramatically, preserve DC-link stability, and offer fast reactive power assistance. These findings were derived from simulations carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The results indicate that the proposed SMC is both practical and effective in enhancing the fault ride-through capability of DFIG-based WECS.

Keywords

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator, Wind Energy Conversion System, Sliding Mode Control, Voltage Dip, Low-Voltage Ride-Through, Rotor-Side Converter.

References

1. Ion Boldea et al., “Fractional kVA Rating PWM Converter Doubly Fed Variable Speed Electric Generator Systems: An Overview in 2020,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 117957-117968, 2021.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
2. T. Ghennam et al., “Advanced Control System of DFIG based Wind Generators for Reactive Power Production and Integration in a Wind Farm Dispatching,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 105, pp. 240-250, 2015.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
3. Gang Wen et al., “Dynamic Voltage and Current Assignment Strategies of Nine-Switch-Converter-Based DFIG Wind Power System for Low-Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) Under Symmetrical Grid Voltage Dip,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 3422-3434, 2016.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
4. Ehsan Gatavi et al., “An Integrated Reactive Power Control Strategy for Improving Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability,” Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2019.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
5. Zahra Rafiee et al., “Enhancement of the LVRT Capability for DFIG-Based Wind Farms Based on Short-Circuit Capacity,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 3237-3248, 2022.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
6. Abdallah Fouad et al., “Enhancing Grid-Connected DFIG’s LVRT Capability Using Dandelion Optimizer Based the Hybrid Fractional-Order PI and PI Controlled STATCOM,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 120181-120197, 2024.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
7. Dingdou Wen et al., “Improved Supertwisting Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Observer-Based Deadbeat Fault-Tolerant Predictive Control for IPMSM Demagnetization Fault,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 13643-13658, 2024.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
8. Ke Li et al., “Overview of Sliding Mode Control Technology for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor System,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 71685-71704, 2024.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
9. N. Kanagaraj et al., “Experimentation of Multi-Input Single-Output Z-Source Isolated DC–DC Converter-Fed Grid-Connected Inverter with Sliding Mode Controller,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 24, pp. 1-22, 2023.
   [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
10. Yi Zhang et al., “Voltage Sag Evaluation in Power Grids Considering the Voltage Support Capabilities of Doubly-Fed Wind Farms During LVRT,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1540-1553, 2025.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
11. Jinman Luo et al., “Lyapunov Based Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Wind Power Generation System with External Disturbances,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 5103-5116, 2024.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
12. A. Ravi Shankar, and T.R. Jyothsna, “Innovative Aerodynamic and Fault Tolerant Control for VSVP Wind Turbines and DFIG Using Predictive and Sliding Mode Techniques,” Journal of Machine and Computing, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1889-1904, 2025.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
13. Lu Sun et al., “Analytical Model and Topology Optimization of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator,” CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 162-169, 2024.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
14. Bahia Kelkoul, and Abdelmadjid Boumediene, “Stability Analysis and Study Between Classical Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and Super Twisting Algorithm (STA) for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Under Wind Turbine,” Energy, vol. 214, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
15. Frede Blaabjerg, Meng Chen, and Liang Huang, “Power Electronics in Wind Generation Systems,” Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 234-250, 2024.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
16. S. Morteza Aghaeinezhad et al., “Individual Pitch Angle Control of a Variable Speed Wind Turbine Using Adaptive Fractional Order Non-Singular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, vol. 22, pp. 511-522, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
17. Zimin Jiang, and Yutian Liu, “Low-Voltage Ride-Through Remote Testing Method for Offshore Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 2905-2913, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
18. F.M. Ebrahimi, A. Khayatiyan, and E. Farjah, “A Novel Optimizing Power Control Strategy for Centralized Wind Farm Control System,” Renewable Energy, vol. 86, pp. 399-408, 2016.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
19. M. Vijayakumar, and S. Vijayan, “Photovoltaic Interfaced Three-phase Four-wire Unified Power Quality Conditioner with Extended Reference Current Generation Scheme,” Australian Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 94-112, 2015.
    [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
20. S. Tohidi et al., “Low Voltage Ride-Through of DFIG and Brushless DFIG: Similarities and Differences,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 110, pp. 64-72, 2014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
21. Bibhu Prasad Ganthia, and Subrat Kumar Barik, “Fault Analysis of PI and Fuzzy-Logic-Controlled DFIG-based Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System,” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, vol. 103, pp. 415-437, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
22. Milad Shojaee, and S. Mohsen Azizi, “Decentralized Robust Controller Design for Strongly Interconnected Generators,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 16085-16095, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]