Employment Status of SC and ST Women in India

International Journal of Economics and Management Studies
© 2023 by SSRG - IJEMS Journal
Volume 10 Issue 3
Year of Publication : 2023
Authors : Chinmayee Mohanty
pdf
How to Cite?

Chinmayee Mohanty, "Employment Status of SC and ST Women in India," SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, vol. 10,  no. 3, pp. 11-15, 2023. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23939125/IJEMS-V10I3P102

Abstract:

In the past few decades, SCs and STs have faced social exclusion and discrimination in society in accessing various opportunities due to their low social status. They also have very limited access to employment opportunities due to their caste barriers. Women in these two groups face a double disadvantage due to their lower status compared to males and the social stigma attached to them as belonging to the deprived section. Regarding occupational status, they also have a very low position compared to males. In this context, the paper presents SCs and STs Women's employment status in Indian society by analysing the annual PLFS report for 2017-18, 2018-19, and 2019-20, 2020-21. The study found extreme gender inequality among SCs and STs. Findings show that in comparison to SCs and STs Men, women in these groups have limited participation in employment resources. This research also critically analyses some policies and programmes for disadvantaged women and reflects on some of the suggestive measures.

Keywords:

Employment, Inequality, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, Gender.

References:

[1] S. Mahendra Dev, “Policies and Programmes for Employment,” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 16, pp. 1511-1516, 2006.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[2] William Leiss et al., “Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity,” Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 544-547, 1995.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[3] Ulrich Beck, Scott Lash, and Brian Wynne, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, SAGE Publications, 1992.
[4] Dana Dunn, “Gender Inequality in Education and Employment in the Scheduled Castes and Tribes of India,” Population Research and Policy Review, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 53-70, 1993.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[5] Howard Aldrich,Pat Ray Reese, and Paola Dubini, “Women on the Verge of a breakthrough: Networking among Entreprenures in the United States and Italy,” Entreprenurship & Regional Development, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 339-356, 1989.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[6] Vani K.Borooah, “Caste, Inequality and Poverty in India,” Review of Development Economics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 399-414, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[7] Barry Reilly, and Puja Vasudeva Dutta, “The Gender Pay Gap and Trade Liberalization: Evidence for India,” PRUS Working Paper, no. 32, 2005. [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[8] Shantanu Khanna, “Gender Wage Discrimination in India: Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor?,” Delhi School of Economics Centre for Development Economics (CDE) Working Paper, no. 214, 2012.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[9] Alexandre de Freitas Barbosa, Maria C. Cacciamali, and Gerry Rodgers, Growth and Inequality: The Contrasting Trajectories of India and Brazil, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
[10] Syed Ejaz Ghani et al., “Will Market Competetion Trump Gender Discrimination in India?,” World Bank Policy Research working Papers, no. 7814, 2016.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[11] N Neethan, “Crisis in Female Employment: Analysis across Social Groups,” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 49, no. 47, pp. 50-59, 2014. [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[12] Sean M. Smith, Roxanna Edwards, and Hao C. Duong, “Unemployment Rises in 2020, as the Country Battles the COVID-19 Pandemic,” pp. 1-45, 2021.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[13] Lango Deen, “Women of Color Magazine,” Career Communications Group, vol.20, no. 1, pp. 12-13, 2020.
[Publisher link]
[14] Jean Dreze, and Amartya Sen, ‘An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions,”, Princeton University Press. 2013.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[15] S. Madheswaran, and Paul Attewell, “Caste Discrimination in the Indian Labour Market: Evidence from the National Sample Survey,” Economic & Political Weekly, vol. 42, no. 41, 2007.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[16] Thorat, Sukhadeo, Mahamallik and Nidhi Sadana, “Caste System and Pattern of Discrimi nation in Rural Markets” Blocked by Caste: Economic Discrimination in Modern India, Oxford University Press, pp. 148-176, 2010.
[17] Ashwani Deshpande, The Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India, Oxford University Press, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[18] Rohit Mutatkar, “Social Group Disparities and Poverty in India,” Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Working Paper Series No WP-2005-004, 2012.
[19] Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2017-18.
[20] Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2018-19
[21] Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2019-20
[22] Annual Report, Ministry of Labour & Employement, Government of India, 2020-21.
[23] Annual Report, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India, 2020-21.
[24] Cheng Siok Hwa, “Recent Trends in Female Labour Force Participation in Singapore,” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, Brill, vol. 8, pp. 20-39, 1980.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[25] Ashwini Deshpande, “Overlapping Identities Under Liberalisation: Gender and Caste in India,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 735-60. 2007.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[26] Ashwini Deshpande, and Smriti Sharma, “Entrepreneurship or Survival? Caste and Gender of Small Business in India,” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 48, no. 28, pp. 38-49, 2013.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher link]
[27] Recommendations for Improving Women’s Employement in the Recovery, Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 2011.
[Publisher link]
[28] Joanna Liddle, and Rama Joshi, Daughters of Independence: Gender, Caste and Class in India, Rutgers University Press, 1989.