Loyalty Development Model to Support the Sustainability of Tourism Villages in Developing Countries

International Journal of Economics and Management Studies
© 2022 by SSRG - IJEMS Journal
Volume 9 Issue 6
Year of Publication : 2022
Authors : Iqbal Arraniri, Najmudin, Adi Indrayanto
pdf
How to Cite?

Iqbal Arraniri, Najmudin, Adi Indrayanto, "Loyalty Development Model to Support the Sustainability of Tourism Villages in Developing Countries," SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, vol. 9,  no. 6, pp. 35-42, 2022. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23939125/IJEMS-V9I6P106

Abstract:

Rural tourism is designed to provide integration into an imagined environment that offers an escape from metropolitan stressors such as traffic, noise, and artificially overcrowded life. If tourism is not managed sustainably, it will harm residents, the environment, and the economy. Tourism competition must be based on tourist loyalty, not just the attractiveness of the number of tourist products or locations available. Based on previous research regarding tourist destination loyalty, loyalty is a top priority in efforts to manage tourist destinations to increase their competitiveness, as evidenced by revisit intention, word of mouth communication, and price tolerance. This study aims to understand better visitor loyalty's role in these three indicators in the long-term management of rural tourism destinations. The study is divided into three stages (1) data-collecting via a questionnaire issued to tourists who had visited more than twice, (2) verifying the validity and reliability of visiting tourist loyalty, and (3) assessing the hypothesis' outcomes. The findings demonstrate that all three significantly impact visitor loyalty, particularly word of mouth and intention to return, which is more important than price tolerance.

Keywords:

Tourism, Rural, Revisit intention, Word of mouth, Price tolerance.

References:

[1] Akande O. N, Badmus T. A, Akindele A. T & Arulogun O. T, "Dataset to Support the Adoption of Social Media and Emerging Technologies for Students’ Continuous Engagement", Data in Brief, vol. 31, pp. 105926, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105926
[2] Akin E & Demirel Y, "An Empirical Study: are Corporate Image Relation Satisfaction and Identification with Corporate Influential Factors on Effectiveness of Corporate Communication and Consumer Retention," European Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 128–153, 2011.
[3] Anderson E. W, "Customer Satisfaction and Price Tolerance," Marketing Letters, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 265–274, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435742
[4] Araslı H & Baradarani S, "European Tourist Perspective on Destination Satisfaction in Jordan’s Industries," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 109, pp. 1416–1425, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.645
[5] Arulogun O. T, Akande O. N, Akindele A. T & Badmus T. A, "Survey Dataset on Open and Distance Learning Students’ Intention to Use Social Media and Emerging Technologies for Online Facilitation," Data in Brief, vol. 31, pp. 4–11, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105929
[6] Assegaff S. B & Pranoto S. O, "Price Determines Customer Loyalty in Ride-Hailing Services," American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, vol. 3, pp. 453–463, 2020.
[7] Bazneshin S. D, Hosseini S. B & Azeri A. R. K, "The Physical Variables of Tourist Areas to Increase the Tourists’ Satisfaction Regarding the Sustainable Tourism Criteria: Case Study of Rudsar Villages, Sefidab in Rahim Abad," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 201, pp. 128–135, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.141
[8] Budi S. P, "Structural Model of Tourism Destination Competitiveness Development Case Study of Jakarta City," University Research Colloquium, pp. 134–142, 2015.
[9] Caruana A, "Service Loyalty,"` European Journal of Marketing, vol. 36, no. 7/8, pp. 811–828, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560210430818
[10] Chen S. F & Chen C.-Y, "Influencing Factors on Price Tolerance of Internet Customers." Journal of International Management Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2011.
[11] Cunha C, Kastenholz E & Carneiro M. J, "Entrepreneurs in Rural Tourism: Do Lifestyle Motivations Contribute to Management Practices That Enhance Sustainable Entrepreneurial Ecosystems?," Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 44, pp. 215– 226, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.007
[12] Deb M & Lomo-David E, "Determinants of Word of Mouth Intention for a World Heritage Site: The Case of the Sun Temple in India," Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, pp. 100533, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100533
[13] Frangos C. C, Karapistolis D, Stalidis G, Constantinos F, Sotiropoulos I & Manolopoulos I, "Tourist Loyalty is All about Prices, Culture and the Sun: A Multinomial Logistic Regression of Tourists Visiting Athens", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 175, pp. 32–38, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1171
[14] Habel J, Kassemeier R, Alavi S, Haaf P, Schmitz C & Wieseke J, "When do Customers Perceive Customer Centricity? The Role of a Firm’s and Salespeople’s Customer Orientation", Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 25–42, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2019.1631174
[15] Hellier P. K, Geursen G. M, Carr R. A & Rickard J. A, "Customer Repurchase Intention," In European Journal of Marketing, vol. 37, no. 11/12, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310495456
[16] Herrmann A, Huber F, Sivakumar K & Wricke M, "An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Price Tolerance," Psychology and Marketing, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 533–551, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20018
[17] Hsin Chang H & Wang H. W, "The Moderating Effect of Customer Perceived Value on Online Shopping Behaviour," In Online Information Review, vol. 35, no. 3, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521111151414
[18] Ismail M. N. I, Hanafiah M. H, Aminuddin N & Mustafa N, "Community-Based Homestay Service Quality, Visitor Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 222, pp. 398–405, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.192
[19] Kaptan Ayhan Ç, Cengı̇z Taşlı T, Özkök F & Tatlı H, "Land Use Suitability Analysis of Rural Tourism Activities: Yenice, Turkey," Tourism Management, vol. 76, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.07.003
[20] Kastenholz E, Marques C. P & Carneiro M. J, "Place Attachment through Sensory-Rich, Emotion-Generating Place Experiences In Rural Tourism," Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, vol. 17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100455
[21] Kotler & Armstrong P and G, "Marketing Principles," Erlangga, 2012.
[22] Kurniawan F, Adrianto L, Bengen D. G & Prasetyo L. B, "Vulnerability Assessment of Small Islands to Tourism: The case of the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia," Global Ecology and Conservation, vol. 6, pp. 308–326, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.04.001
[23] Law A. K. Y, Hui Y. V & Zhao X, "Modeling Repurchase Frequency and Customer Satisfaction for Fast Food Outlets," International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 545–563, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710410536563
[24] Lee J, Graefe A. R & Burns R. C, "Examining the Antecedents of Destination Loyalty in a Forest Setting," Leisure Sciences, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 463–481, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701544634
[25] MfonisoAsuquoEnoh, NnamUchechukwu Godwin, Thompson S. Okoyen, "Sustainability approach to Tourism and its Development within Cross River State, Southern Nigeria with Geospatial Techniques", SSRG International Journal of Geoinformatics and Geological Science, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-13, 2020. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23939206/IJGGS-V7I2P101
[26] Lee S, Jeong E & Qu K, "Exploring Theme Park Visitors’ Experience on Satisfaction and Revisit Intention: A Utilization of Experience Economy Model," Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 474-497, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2019.1691702
[27] Li H, Lien C. H, Wang S. W, Wang T & Dong W, "Event and City Image: The Effect on Revisit Intention," Tourism Review, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 212–228, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-10-2019-0419
[28] Li J, Bai Y & Alatalo J. M, "Impacts of Rural Tourism-Driven Land Use Change on Ecosystems Services Provision in Erhai Lake Basin, China", Ecosystem Services, vol. 42, pp. 101081, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101081
[29] Lin N.H & Lin B.S,"The Effect of Brand Image and Product Knowledge on Purchase Intention", Journal of International Management Studies, pp. 121–132.
[30] Liu C, Dou X, Li J & Cai L. A, "Analyzing Government Role in Rural Tourism Development: An Empirical Investigation from China," Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 79, pp. 177–188, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046
[31] Luo A, Baker A & Donthu N, "Capturing Dynamics in the Value for Brand Recommendations from Word-of-Mouth Conversations," Journal of Business Research, vol. 104, pp. 247–260, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.015
[32] Mat Som A. P, Marzuki A, Yousefi M & AbuKhalifeh A. N, "Factors Influencing Visitors’ Revisit Behavioral Intentions: A Case Study of Sabah, Malaysia," International Journal of Marketing Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v4n4p39
[33] Meng B & Cui M, "The Role of Co-Creation Experience in Forming Tourists’ Revisit Intention to Home-Based Accommodation: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior," Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 33, pp. 100581, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100581
[34] "Ministry of Tourism Indonesia," Pengembangan Desa Wisata Membangun Indonesia, 2017.
[35] Mohamad D & Jamil R. M, "A Preference Analysis Model for Selecting Tourist Destinations based on Motivational Factors: A Case Study in Kedah, Malaysia," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 65, pp. 20–25, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.085
[36] Närvänen E, Kuusela H, Paavola H & Sirola N, "A Meaning-Based Framework for Customer Loyalty," International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 825–843, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-05-2019-0153
[37] Nikmah H, Susbiyani A, Martini N. N. P & Qomariah N, "The Role of Price, Promotion and Quality of Service in Improving Honda Motorcycle Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty," International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 14–23, 2022. https://doi.org/10.14445/23939125/ijems-v9i1p103
[38] Oliver R. L, "Whence Consumer Loyalty?", Journal of Marketing, vol. 63, pp. 33–44, (1999).
[39] Phuc H. N & Nguyen H. M, "The Importance of Collaboration and Emotional Solidarity in Residents’ Support for Sustainable Urban Tourism: Case Study Ho Chi Minh City," Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1831520
[40] Ramseook-Munhurrun P, Seebaluck V. N & Naidoo P, "Examining the Structural Relationships of Destination Image, Perceived Value, Tourist Satisfaction, and Loyalty: Case of Mauritius," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 175, no. 230, pp. 252–259, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1198
[41] Rasoolimanesh S. M, Khoo-Lattimore C, Md Noor S, Jaafar M & Konar R, "Tourist engagement and Loyalty: Gender Matters?", Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 871–885, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1765321
[42] Scarlett H. G, "Tourism Recovery and the Economic Impact: A Panel Assessment," Research in Globalization, vol. 3, pp. 100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100044
[43] Shirazi F. M, Puad A & Som M, "Relationship Marketing and Destination Loyalty: Evidence from Penang, Malaysia," International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 6(1), 95–106, 2013.
[44] Stylidis D, Shani A & Belhassen Y, "Testing an Integrated Destination Image Model Across Residents and Tourists", Tourism Management, vol. 58, pp. 184–195, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.014
[45] Tan W. K, "Repeat Visitation: A Study from the Perspective of Leisure Constraint, Tourist Experience, Destination Images, and Experiential Familiarity," Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, vol. 6, no. 3, 233–242, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.04.003
[46] Tiwari A. K, Das D & Dutta A, "Geopolitical Risk, Economic Policy Uncertainty, and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence from a Developing Country," Tourism Management, vol. 75, pp. 323–327, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.002.
[47] Yang Y, Liu X, Jing F & Li J, "How does Perceived Value Affect Travelers’ Satisfaction and Loyalty?", Social Behavior and Personality, vol. 42, no. 10, 1733–1744, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.10.1733.
[48] Zeithaml V. A, Berry L. L & Parasuraman A, "The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality," Journal of Marketing, vol. 60, pp. 31–46, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80157-9.