Bioresource Processing: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Climate Change and Enhance Sustainable and Renewable Energy - A Review

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering

© 2026 by SSRG - IJME Journal

Volume 13 Issue 3

Year of Publication : 2026

Authors : Shumani Ramuhaheli, Nagasuneetha Darla, Adesoji Mathew Olaniyan

10.14445/23488360/IJME-V13I3P101

How to Cite?

Shumani Ramuhaheli, Nagasuneetha Darla, Adesoji Mathew Olaniyan, "Bioresource Processing: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Climate Change and Enhance Sustainable and Renewable Energy - A Review," SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 13,  no. 3, pp. 1-26, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V13I3P101

Abstract:

The escalating environmental crisis driven by fossil fuel dependency has intensified the search for sustainable energy alternatives. This review critically evaluates the potential of Fruit and Vegetable Waste (FVW), a largely untapped bioresource, to produce bioenergy, including biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen. The study consolidates fragmented literature by offering an integrated overview of production technologies, techno-economic constraints, environmental implications, and policy frameworks. Anaerobic digestion, enzymatic saccharification, transesterification, and dark fermentation processes are scrutinized for their viability, efficiency, and scalability. Emphasis is placed on pre-treatment innovations, process bottlenecks, and the necessity for standardization. Furthermore, the contribution of biofuels to greenhouse gas mitigation and air quality enhancement, contextualized within the Sustainable Development Scenario framework, is also explored. Through comparative case studies from both developed and emerging nations, it examines the trajectories of biomass integration, technological progress, and the effectiveness of supporting policy mechanisms. The review concludes by proposing a roadmap for overcoming operational, economic, and regulatory barriers to upscale FVW-based bioenergy production. In doing so, it highlights the transformative role of circular bioeconomy practices in achieving carbon neutrality and energy equity. This synthesis offers a timely reference for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders committed to climate-resilient energy transitions.

Keywords:

Fruit and Vegetable Waste, Bioenergy conversion technologies, Sustainable Development Goals, Climate Change Mitigation, Circular bioeconomy.

References:

[1] Sevil Çalışkan Eleren, Şeniz Öziş Altınçekiç, and Erdinç Altınçekiç, “Biofuel Potential of Fruit Juice Industry Waste,” Journal of Hazardous Toxic and Radioactive Waste, vol. 22, no. 4, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Saurabh Sudha Dhiman et al., “Simultaneous Pretreatment and Saccharification: Green Technology for Enhanced Sugar Yields from Biomass using a Fungal Consortium,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 179, pp. 50-57, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Pappula Bridjesh et al., “MEA and DEE as Additives on Diesel Engine using Waste Plastic Oil Diesel Blends,” Sustainable Environment Research, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 142-147, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Karol Zapata et al., “Effect of Amine-Functionalized Nanoparticles (SiO2/Amine) on HPAM Stability under Chemical Degradation Environments: An Experimental and Molecular Simulation Study,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 8224-8236, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link] 
[5] Kelly Trout et al., “Existing Fossil Fuel Extraction Would Warm the World Beyond 1.5 C,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1-12, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Sara I Zandalinas et al., “Plant Responses to Climate Change: Metabolic Changes under Combined Abiotic Stresses,” Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 3339-3354, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye et al., “Emerging Technologies for Biofuel Production: A Critical Review on Recent Progress, Challenges and Perspectives,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 290, pp. 1-16, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Tyler J. Lark et al., “Environmental Outcomes of the US Renewable Fuel Standard,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 119, no. 9, pp. 1-8, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Shiv Prasad et al., “Sustainable Utilization of Crop Residues for Energy Generation: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Perspective,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 303, pp. 1-51, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Sivakumar Ellappan, and Bridjesh Pappula, “Utilization of Unattended Waste Plastic Oil as Fuel in Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine,” Sustainable Environment Research, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1-9, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Shiv Prasad et al., “Screening and Evaluation of Cellulytic Fungal Strains for Saccharification and Bioethanol Production from Rice Residue,” Energy, vol. 190, pp. 1-8, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] K.R. Sheetal, S. Prasad, and P.S. Renjith, “Effect of Cultivar Variation and Pichia Stipitis NCIM 3498 on Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Rice Straw,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 127, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Antonio García et al., “Parametric Assessment of the Effect of Oxygenated Low Carbon Fuels in a Light-Duty Compression Ignition Engine,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 229, pp. 1-47, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] S. Madhu, A.V. Krishna Chaitanya, and P. Bridjesh, “Effects of Diethyl Ether on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine using Toroidal Profile Bowl Piston by Varying Injection Pressure,” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 96-106, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Abimbola Babatunde et al., “Renewable Energy System: Alternative Fuel Usage in the Energy Market of the US Public Transportation System,” Environmental and Ecology Research, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 607-613, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Harriet Dudley et al., “The Policy Impact of Climate Change Advisory Bodies: Government Responses to the UK Climate Change Committee’s Recommendations, 2009–2020,” Climate Policy, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 239-252, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Dorota Burchart, and Iga Przytuła, “Review of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles in Road Transport,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1-18, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Abdelrahman S. Zaky et al., “Improving the Productivity of Bioethanol Production using Marine Yeast and Seawater-based Media,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 139, pp. 1-32, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Narayanan Kannaiyan Geetha, and Bridjesh Pappula, “Integrated AHP and WED based Approach to Select Optimal Combination of Operating Parameters on Spark Ignition Engine,” SAE Technical Paper, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Narashans Alok Sagar et al., “Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds, Their Extraction, and Possible Utilization,” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 512-531, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Subhash Paul, and Animesh Dutta, “Challenges and Opportunities of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Anaerobic Digestion,” Resources Conservation and Recycling, vol. 130, pp. 164-174, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Ihsan Hamawand, “Anaerobic Digestion Process and Bio-energy in Meat Industry: A Review and a Potential,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 44, pp. 37-51, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Carlos Morales-Polo, María del Mar Cledera-Castro, and B. Yolanda Moratilla Soria, “Biogas Production from Vegetable and Fruit Markets Waste—Compositional and Batch Characterizations,” Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 1-23, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] I-Shin Chang et al., “Comprehensive Utilizations of Biogas in Inner Mongolia, China,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1442-1453, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Shuaishuai Ma et al., “Methane Production Performances of Different Compositions in Lignocellulosic Biomass through Anaerobic Digestion,” Energy, vol. 189, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Liangcheng Yang et al., “Challenges and Strategies for Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Biomass,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 44, pp. 824-834, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Spyridon Achinas, Vasileios Achinas, and Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink, “A Technological Overview of Biogas Production from Biowaste,” Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 299-307, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Jyoti Kainthola, Ajay S. Kalamdhad, and Vaibhav V. Goud, “A Review on Enhanced Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Different Enhancement Techniques,” Process Biochemistry, vol. 84, pp. 81-90, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Sohrab Haghighi Mood et al., “Lignocellulosic Biomass to Bioethanol, a Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Pretreatment,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 27, pp. 77-93, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Vanessa Ripoll et al., “Anaerobic Digestion of Slaughterhouse Waste in Batch and Anaerobic Sequential Batch Reactors,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, vol. 13, pp. 11457-11468, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Shiqing Qian et al., “Research on Methane-Rich Biogas Production Technology by Anaerobic Digestion under Carbon Neutrality: A Review,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1-30, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Guillaume Bayon-Vicente et al., “Metabolic Pathways to Sustainability: Review of Purple Non-sulfur Bacteria Potential in Agri-food Waste Valorization,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 13, pp. 1-24, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Ankita Sharma et al., “Harnessing Fruit and Vegetable Waste for Biofuel Production: Advances and Scope for Future Development,” eFood, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-26, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Erfan Hosseini, Selen Cremaschi, and Zhihua Jiang, “Opportunities and Challenges in Valorizing Pulp and Paper Sludge for Biogas Production via Anaerobic Digestion: A Review,” Sustainability Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1-23, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] El-Sayed Salama et al., “Recent Trends in Anaerobic Co-digestion: Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG) for Enhanced Biomethanation,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 70, pp. 22-42, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Maria Venetikidou et al., “Proteolytic Enzyme Activities of Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain from Fruit By-Products and Potential Applications in Sustainable and Functional Cosmetics for Skincare,” Applied Sciences, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1-39, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Haruna Adamu et al., “Production Processes, Techno-Economic and Policy Challenges of Bioenergy Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 186, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] Alibakhsh Kasaeian et al., “Review on Bioethanol Production from Fruit Peels,” Waste and Biomass Valorization, vol. 16, pp. 2669-2691, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[39] Jessica Brown et al., “Production of Sugars from Lignocellulosic Biomass via Biochemical and Thermochemical Routes,” Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 12, pp. 1-34, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[40] Tumpa R. Sarker, and Sonil Nanda, “Energy Production from Farming Waste: A Review,” Environmental Chemistry Letters. vol. 23, pp. 1187-1207, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[41] Fernando Enrique Rosas-Vega et al., “Enzymes Produced by the Genus Aspergillus Integrated into the Biofuels Industry Using Sustainable Raw Materials,” Fermentation, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1-45, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[42] Reckson Kamusoko, and Patrick Mukumba, “Pineapple Waste Biorefinery: An Integrated System for Production of Biogas and Marketable Products in South Africa,” Biomass, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-25, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[43] Sagarika Panigrahi, and Brajesh K. Dubey, “A Critical Review on Operating Parameters and Strategies to Improve the Biogas Yield from Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste,” Renewable Energy, vol. 143, pp. 779-797, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[44] Shivam Singh et al., “Oil Palm Biomass: A Potential Feedstock for Lignocellulolytic Enzymes and Biofuels Production,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 32, pp. 11791-11814, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[45] Ittishree et al., Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Technologies and Their Impact on Biocomposite Performance, Lignocellulosic Biomass and Enzymes: Fundamentals, Emerging Technologies and Applications, Springer, Singapore, pp. 253-269, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[46] Aarun Abharathi et al., Biorefineries and Waste Valorization in Integrated Biorefinery Concepts and Applications, Biotechnological Applications in Industrial Waste Valorization, Springer, Singapore, pp. 1-21, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[47] Sunny Dhiman et al., “Closing the Loop: Technological Innovations in Food Waste Valorisation for Global Sustainability,” Discover Sustainability, vol. 6, pp. 1-35, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[48] Moinal Hoque, and K.T. Ramya Devi, “Agro-Industrial Waste Management: Solid-state Fermentation for Biomass Conversion and Valorisation to Value-added Products,” Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing, vol. 5, pp. 990-999, 2025. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[49] Wan Nur Aisyah Wan Osman et al., “Comparative Review of Biodiesel Production and Purification,” Carbon Capture Science & Technology, vol. 13, pp. 1-32, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[50] N.K. Geetha, and P. Bridjesh, “Combinatorial Rough Neutrosophic Multi Attribute Decision Making Approach for Selection of Waste Plastic Oil – Diesel Blends,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 37, pp. 979-981, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[51] Sunday Ifeanyichukwu Umeh, and Peter Anadebe Okonkwo, The Essential Properties of Oils for Biodiesel Production, Biodiesel Plants-Fueling the Sustainable Outlooks, IntechOpen, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[52] Pappula Bridjesh, and Narayanan Kannaiyan Geetha, “Effect of Diethyl Carbonate as Additive to Waste Plastic Oil on Performance and Emission of a Diesel Engine,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 189-194, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[53] Viswanath K. Kaimal, and P. Vijayabalan, “An Investigation on the Effects of using DEE Additive in a DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Waste Plastic Oil,” Fuel, vol. 180, pp. 90-96, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[54] Iwona Szczepaniak, Igor Olech, and Elzbieta Jadwiga Szymanska, “The Use of Canola for Biofuel Production in the Context of Energy Security—A Systematic Literature Review,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1-27, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[55] Arani Vijaya Rao Krishna Chaitanya, and Bridjesh Pappula, “Impact of Waste Plastic Oil and Its Blends on Performance Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CRDI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[56] Shurui Zhang et al., “The Structure and Influencing Mechanisms of the Global Palm Oil Trade: A Complex Network Perspective,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1-25, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[57] Gholamhassan Najafi et al., “Optimization of Performance and Exhaust Emission Parameters of a SI (Spark Ignition) Engine with Gasoline–Ethanol Blended Fuels using Response Surface Methodology,” Energy, vol. 90, pp. 1815-1829, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[58] İsmet Sezer et al., “A Review Study on using Diethyl Ether in Diesel Engines: EFFECTS on Fuel Properties, Injection, and Combustion Characteristics,” Energy & Environment, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 179-214, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[59] Laura Äkräs et al., “A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Framework and Analysis of Vegetable Oils to Produce Bio-Based Plastics,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 188, pp. 1-12, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[60] A.V. Krishna Chaitanya, and Dillip Kumar Mohanty, “Influence of 1-Hexanol/Waste Plastic Oil Blends on Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine,” ACS omega, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 456-472, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[61] Carlos Méndez-Durazno et al., “Comprehensive Characterization of Ecuadorian Lignocellulosic Biomass in Terms of their Candidacy for Bioenergy Purposes,” Clean Energy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 128-145, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[62] Anallely López-Yerena et al., “Waste from Persea Schiedeana Fruits as Potential Alternative for Biodiesel Production,” Plants, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[63] Geetha Narayanan Kannaiyan, Bridjesh Pappula, and Seshibe Makgato, “Experimental Investigation on Addition of Furfuryl Alcohol to Diesel Plastic Fuel Blends and Optimization using Kissing Numbers,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, pp. 1-26, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[64] Venkatesh Mandari, and Santhosh Kumar Devarai, “Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: A Critical Review,” Bioenergy Research, vol. 15, pp. 935-961, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[65] Sadia Husaini et al., “Biodiesel Production from Non-Edible Mixed Oils: A Sustainable Approach using Jatropha, Karanja and Waste Cooking Oil,” Bulletin of Materials Science, vol. 48, pp. 1-15, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[66] Harshil K. Bhanushali et al., “From Feedstocks to FAME: Enhancing Synthesis Efficiency with Basic Ionic Liquids,” Biofuels, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.175-186, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[67] Pavel V. Ivchenko, and Ilya E. Nifant'ev, “The Chemistry of Oleates and Related Compounds in the 2020s,” Green Chemistry, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 41-95, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[68] Hiba Kh. Ismaeel et al., “The Role of Catalysts in Biodiesel Production as Green Energy Applications: A Review of Developments and Prospects,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 204, pp. 636-653, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[69] Prakash Kumar Sarangi et al., “Biobased Heterogeneous Renewable Catalysts: Production Technologies, Innovations, Biodiesel Applications and Circular Bioeconomy,” Environmental Research, vol. 261, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[70] Ensie Bekhradinassab, Mohammad Haghighi, and Maryam Shabani, “A Review on Acidic Metal Oxide-based Materials towards Heterogeneous Catalytic Biodiesel Production via Esterification Process,” Fuel, vol. 379, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[71] Alessandra Basso, and Simona Serban, “Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes—A Review,” Molecular Catalysis, vol. 479, pp. 1-20, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[72] Sai Mani Yogesh Kosuru et al., “A Review on the Biodiesel Production: Selection of Catalyst, Pre-treatment, Post Treatment Methods,” Green Technologies and Sustainability, vol. 2, no.1, pp. 1-13, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[73] Hassan El Bari et al., “Biohydrogen Production from Fermentation of Organic Waste, Storage and Applications,” Cleaner Waste Systems, vol. 3, pp. 1-12, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[74] Soghra Nashath Omer et al., “Microbial Pathways for Biohydrogen Production: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects,” Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, vol. 9, pp. 1-16, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[75] Fazil Qureshi et al., “Unveiling the Potentials of Biohydrogen as an Alternative Energy Source: Strategies, Challenges and Future Perspectives,” Materials Today Sustainability, vol. 31, pp. 1-38, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[76] Marcela Moreira Albuquerque et al., “Biohydrogen Produced via Dark Fermentation: A Review,” Methane, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 500-532, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[77] Shiyan Gu et al., “Effects of Food Wastes based on Different Components on Digestibility and Energy Recovery in Hydrogen and Methane Co-production,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1-11, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[78] Danilo Henrique Donato Rocha et al., “Evaluation of Significant Factors in Hydrogen Production and Volatile Fatty Acids in Co-Fermentation of Citrus Peel Waste and Processing Wastewater,” Fuel, vol. 354, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[79] Duu-Jong Lee, Kuan-Yeow Show, and Ay Su, “Dark Fermentation on Biohydrogen Production: Pure Culture,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, no. 18, pp. 8393-8402, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[80] Eka Latiffah Nadia Dzulkarnain et al., “Microbiomes of Biohydrogen Production from Dark Fermentation of Industrial Wastes: Current Trends, Advanced Tools and Future Outlook,” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 9, pp. 1-25, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[81] Akanksha Vijay Agrawal, Parmesh Kumar Chaudhari, and Prabir Ghosh, “Effect of Mixing Ratio on Biomethane Potential of Anaerobic Co-digestion of Fruit and Vegetable Waste and Food Waste,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, vol. 14, pp. 16149-16158, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[82] Ahmed I. Osman et al., “Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Sustainable Bioenergy Production: A Review,” Environmental Chemistry Letters, vol. 22, pp. 1115-1154, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[83] Ruchir Priyadarshi et al., “Lignin as a Sustainable and Functional Material for Active Food Packaging Applications: A Review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 469, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[84] Iván Moreno-Andrade, María José Berrocal-Bravo, and Idania Valdez-Vazquez, “Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste and Waste Activated Sludge in Codigestion: Influence of Organic Loading Rate and Changes in Microbial Community,” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 230-237, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[85] Muhamad Reda Galih Pangestu, Shaikh Abdur Razzak, and Shihab Uddin, “Microbial Biomass Conversion for Hydrogen Production: A Review,” Green Energy and Resources, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-140, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[86] Sun-Kee Han, and Hang-Sik Shin, “Biohydrogen Production by Anaerobic Fermentation of Food Waste,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 569-577, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[87] Ivan Simeonov, Elena Chorukova, and Lyudmila Kabaivanova, “Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion for Green Energy Production: A Review,” Processes, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-38, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[88] Yeo-Myeong Yun et al., “Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Perspectives,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 248, pp. 79-87, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[89] Larisa G. Pinaeva, and Aleksandr S. Noskov, “Biodegradable Biopolymers: Real Impact to Environment Pollution,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 947, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[90] Nejla B. Erdal, and Minna Hakkarainen, “Degradation of Cellulose Derivatives in Laboratory, Man-Made, and Natural Environments,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 2713-2729, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[91] Rupal Jain et al., “Bio-hydrogen Production through Dark Fermentation: An Overview,” Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, vol. 14, pp. 12699-12724, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[92] Constanze Liepold, Paul Fabianek, and Reinhard Madlener, “Tradable Performance Standards for a Greener Transportation Sector: An Economists’ Appraisal of the German Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Quota,” Energy Sustainability and Society, vol. 15, pp. 1-17, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[93] Magda Cepeda et al., “Levels of Ambient Air Pollution According to Mode of Transport: A Systematic Review,” The Lancet Public Health, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. e23-e34, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[94] Narayanan Kannaiyan Geetha, Pappuula Bridjesh, and Perumal Sekar, “Influence of Ethanol as Gasoline Blend on Spark Ignition Engine,” Oriental Journal of Chemistry, vol. 35, no. 5, 1491-1499, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[95] S. Prasad et al., “Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum Syrup for Utilization as Automotive Fuel in India,” Energy & Fuels, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 2415-2420, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[96] Shiv Prasad et al., “Review on Biofuel Production: Sustainable Development Scenario, Environment, and Climate Change Perspectives − A Sustainable Approach,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[97] Sanjib Kumar Karmee, “Liquid Biofuels from Food Waste: Current Trends, Prospect and Limitation,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 53, pp. 945-953, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[98] Harish K. Jeswani, Andrew Chilvers, and Adisa Azapagic, “Environmental Sustainability of Biofuels: A Review,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A, vol. 476, no. 2243, pp. 1-37, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[99] Jitendra Jayant, Aseem Chandra Tiwari, and Angur Bala Jayant, “Integrating Winter’s Method and White Noise for Advanced Air Quality Forecasting: A Case Study of Indore, India,” Environmental Research Communications, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1-25, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[100] Luísa Pereira Pinheiro et al., “Improving the Feasibility of 2G Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate Using Immobilized Recombinant Yeast: A Technical–Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment,” Fermentation, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1-27, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[101] Zhejin Li et al., “Effects of Different Agricultural Organic Wastes on Soil GHG Emissions: During a 4-year Field Measurement in the North China Plain,” Waste Management, vol. 81, pp. 202-210, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[102] Mohammad Aslam, “Transformation of 1-G and 2-G Liquid Biomass to Green Fuels using Hydroprocessing Technology: A Promising Technology for Biorefinery Development,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 163, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[103] Okezie Emmanuel, Rozina, and Thaddeus C. Ezeji, “Utilization of Biomass-based Resources for Biofuel Production: A Mitigating Approach towards Zero Emission,” Sustainable Chemistry One World, vol. 2, pp. 1-57, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[104] Suhas P. Wani et al., “Carbon Sequestration and Land Rehabilitation through Jatropha Curcas (L.) Plantation in Degraded Lands,” Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 161, pp. 112-120, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[105] Dheeraj Rathore et al., “Key Issues in Estimating Energy and Greenhouse Gas Savings of Biofuels: Challenges and Perspectives,” Biofuel Research Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 380-393, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[106] Swapnamoy Dutta et al., “Microalgal Biorefineries in Sustainable Biofuel Production and other High-Value Products,” New Biotechnology, vol. 87, pp. 39-59, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[107] Prajwal Panwar et al., “Optimization of a Macro-Algae-based Biodiesel Supply Chain: A Multi-Objective Approach,” Discover Sustainability, vol. 6, pp. 1-27, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[108] Ali Maghzian, Alireza Aslani, and Rahim Zahedi, “Analysis of Suitable Regions for Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting Potential for Carbon Capture: A Global Feasibility Study,” Aquaculture, vol. 595, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[109] Muhammad Kashif et al., “Sustainable Synergy: Unleashing the Potential of Biomass in Integrated Biorefineries,” Sustainable Energy & Fuels, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 338-400, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[110] Kai Morganti et al., “Low Carbon Transportation Fuels: Deployment Pathways, Opportunities and Challenges,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 531-568, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[111] William A. Scott, “Cost and Carbon-Intensity Reducing Innovation in Biofuels for Road Transportation,” Energy Policy, vol. 197, pp. 1-14, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[112] Wei Du et al., “Biomass Power Generation: A Pathway to Carbon Neutrality,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 933, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[113] Richa Kothari et al., “Assessment of Indian Bioenergy Policy for Sustainable Environment and its Impact for Rural India: Strategic Implementation and Challenges,” Environmental Technology & Innovation, vol. 20, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[114] Adam A. Prag, and Christian B. Henriksen, “Transition from Animal-based to Plant-based Food Production to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture-the Case of Denmark,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 19, pp. 1-20, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[115] Daniela Thrän et al., “Governance of Sustainability in the German Biogas Sector—Adaptive Management of the Renewable Energy Act between Agriculture and the Energy Sector,” Energy Sustainability and Society, vol. 10, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[116] Susan G Karp et al., “Bioeconomy and Biofuels: The Case of Sugarcane Ethanol in Brazil,” Bioproducts and Biorefining, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 899-912, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[117] Susan van der Veen et al., “Strengthening Social Life Cycle Assessment for a Just Bioeconomy: Insights from Namibia's Bush-based Value Chains,” Sustainable Production and Consumption, vol. 57, pp. 198-212, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[118] Fabian Präger et al., “Biomass Sources for a Sustainable Energy Supply in Ghana – A Case Study for Sunyani,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 107, pp. 413-424, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[119] Philip Mensah, and Eric Yankson, “Biomass Energy as a Catalyst for Achieving Global Sustainability Goals: Technological Advancements and Policy Implications,” Academia Green Energy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-20, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[120] “The Sustainable Development Goals Report,” Report, pp. 1-48, 2024.
[Publisher Link]
[121] Farzad Piadeh et al., “A Critical Review for the Impact of Anaerobic Digestion on the Sustainable Development Goals,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 349, pp. 1-15, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[122] Raghu Raman et al., “Analyzing the Contributions of Biofuels, Biomass, and Bioenergy to Sustainable Development Goals,” iScience, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1-22, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[123] S. Ghasemian et al., “An Overview of Global Energy Scenarios by 2040: Identifying the Driving Forces using Cross-Impact Analysis Method,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 21, pp. 7749-7772, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[124] Sanyam Jain, and Shushil Kumar, “Advances and Challenges in Pretreatment Technologies for Bioethanol Production: A Comprehensive Review,” Sustainable Chemistry for Climate Action, vol. 5, pp. 1-23, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[125] Hosam Elhalis, “Expanding the Horizons of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Nutrition, Oenology, and Bioethanol Production,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 24, pp. 1-39, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[126] Methadius Iweanya Ofili, “Biofuel & Biorefinery Portfolios of Petroleum Companies–Policy & Nomenclature Implications,” European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[127] R. El-Araby, “Biofuel Production: Exploring Renewable Energy Solutions for a Greener Future,” Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, vol. 17, pp. 1-32, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[128] Selin Karlilar Pata, and Ugur Korkut Pata, “Comparative Analysis of the Impacts of Solar, Wind, Biofuels and Hydropower on Load Capacity Factor and Sustainable Development Index,” Energy, vol. 319, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[129] Tehreem Mahmood et al., “Sustainable Production of Biofuels from the Algae-Derived Biomass,” Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, vol. 46, pp. 1077-1097, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[130] H.M. Lakshmikantha, and Preethi Rajesh, “Bioenergy in India: Challenges, Potential and Policy Perspectives,” International Journal of Innovations in Science Engineering and Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 148-154, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[131] Diptymayee Padhi et al., “Microalgae-based Flue Gas CO2 Sequestration for Cleaner Environment and Biofuel Feedstock Production: A Review,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 32, pp. 13539-13565, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[132] Diana Jose et al., “Effective Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment in One-Pot Lignocellulose Biorefinery for Ethanol Production,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 222, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[133] Alessandra Procentese et al., “Deep Eutectic Solvents Pretreatment of Agro-Industrial Food Waste,” Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol. 11, pp. 1-12, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[134] Babulla Shaik, and A. Muni Kumari, “A Review on Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production,” Results in Chemistry, vol. 16, pp. 1-11, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[135] Avinash P. Ingle et al., “Advances in Nanocatalysts Mediated Biodiesel Production: A Critical Appraisal,” Symmetry, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1-21, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[136] Farzad Khakpour, Mehdi Mahmoudian, and Nasrin Shadjou, “Biodiesel Production from Sunflower and Cooking Waste Oil in the Presence of Magnetic Perlite as an Efficient Nanocatalyst: A New Platform in Chemical Engineering,” BMC Chemistry, vol. 19, pp. 1-11, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[137] Nur Zatul 'Iffah Zakaria et al., “Advancing One-pot Bioethanol Production through Deep Eutectic Solvents Pretreatments Compatible with an Inhibitor-Tolerant Yeast,” Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 31, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[138] Anwar Ali et al., “The Disposition of Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Waste, Their Extraction, and Analysis Using Novel Technologies: A Review,” Processes, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1-27, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[139] Michael Köhl et al., “The EU Climate Package “Fit for 55” - A Double-Edged Sword for Europeans and Their Forests and Timber Industry,” Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 132, pp. 1-5, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[140] Karin Bäckstrand, “Democracy and the Implementation of the European Green Deal: Comparing Denmark and Sweden,” Journal of European Integration, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 277-297, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]