Using Prostatic Fluid Levels of Zinc to Iron Concentration Ratio in Non-Invasive and Highly Accurate Screening for Prostate Cancer

International Journal of Medical Science
© 2019 by SSRG - IJMS Journal
Volume 6 Issue 11
Year of Publication : 2019
Authors : Vladimir Zaichick, Sofia Zaichick
pdf
How to Cite?

Vladimir Zaichick, Sofia Zaichick, "Using Prostatic Fluid Levels of Zinc to Iron Concentration Ratio in Non-Invasive and Highly Accurate Screening for Prostate Cancer," SSRG International Journal of Medical Science, vol. 6,  no. 11, pp. 24-31, 2019. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23939117/IJMS-V6I11P108

Abstract:

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) does not provide the high reliability and precision that is required for an accurate screening for prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of our study was to search for a simple, rapid, direct, preferably non-invasive, and highly accurate biomarker and procedure for the screening for PCa. For this purpose the levels of Fe and Zn were prospectively evaluated in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF). AlsoZn/Fe concentration ratio was calculated for EPFsamples, obtained from 38 apparently healthy males and from 33, 51, and 24 patients with chronic prostatitis (CP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa, respectively. Measurements were performed using an application of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent (EDXRF) microanalysis developed by us. It was found that in the EPF of cancerous prostatesthe levels of Zn and Zn/Fe were significantly lower in comparison with those in the EPF of normal, inflamed, and hyperplastic prostates. It was shown that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of PCa identification using the Zn and Zn/Fe levels in the EPF samples were all significantly higher than those resulting from of PSA tests in blood serum. It was concluded that the Zn and Zn/Fe levels in EPF, obtained by EDXRF, is afast, reliable, and noninvasive diagnostic tool that can be successfully used by local, non-urologist physicians at the point-ofcare to provide a highly effective PCa screening and as an additional confirmatory test before a prostate gland biopsy.

Keywords:

Urology screening, Prostate cancer, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chronic prostatitis, Expressed Prostatic Fluid, Trace element content, Trace element concentration ratio, Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis.

References:

[1] Taitt HE: Global trends and prostate cancer: A review of incidence, detection, and mortality as influenced by race, ethnicity, and geographic location. Am J Mens Health2018;12(6):1807-1823
[2] Dasgupta P, Baade PD, Aitken JF, et al:Geographical Variations in Prostate Cancer Outcomes: A Systematic Review of International Evidence.Front Oncol 2019;9:238
[3] Siegel R., Miller KD, Jemal A: Cancer Statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67(1):7-30
[4] Qi D, Wu C, Liu F, et al: Trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Shanghai, China from 1973 to 2009. Prostate 2015;75:1662-1668
[5] Tkac J, GajdosovaV, HroncekovaS,et al:Prostate-specific antigen glycoprofiling as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of prostate cancer.Interface Focus 2019;9(2):20180077
[6] ZapaƂa P, Dybowski B, Poletajew S, et al:What can be expected from prostate cancer biomarkers A Clinical Perspective.UrolInt2018;100(1):1-12
[7] Sorokin I,Mian BM:Risk calculators and updated tools to select and plan a repeat biopsy for prostate cancer detection.Asian J Androl 2015;17(6):864-869
[8] Qu M, Ren SC, Sun YH:Current early diagnostic biomarkers of prostate cancer.Asian J Androl 2014;16(4):549-554
[9] Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al: Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or=4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2239-2246
[10] Alotaibi KM:.Incidence of prostate cancer among patients with prostate-related urinary symptoms: A single institution series in 10 years.Urol Ann 2019;11(2):135-138
[11] Hayes B, Murphy C, Crawley A, et al:Developments in point-of-care diagnostic technology for cancer detection.Diagnostics (Basel) 2018;8(2):E39
[12] Zaichick V: INAA and EDXRF applications in the agedynamicsassessment of Zncontent and distribution in the normal human prostate. J RadioanalNucl Chem 2004;262:229-234
[13] Zaichick V,Zaichick S:The effect of age on Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na mass fraction in pediatric and young adult prostate glands investigated by neutron activation analysis. ApplRadiatIsot2013;82:145-151
[14] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: INAA application in the assessment of Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn mass fraction in pediatric and young adult prostate glands. J RadioanalNucl Chem 2013;298(3):1559-1566
[15] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: NAA-SLR and ICP-AES Application in the assessment of mass fraction of 19 chemical elements in pediatric and young adult prostate glands. Biol Trace Element Res 2013;156(1):357-366
[16] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Use of neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace elements in pediatric and young adult prostate. Am J Analyt Chem2013;4:696-706
[17] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Relations of bromine, iron, rubidium, strontium, and zinc content to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. Biol Trace Element Res2014;157(3):195-204
[18] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Relations of the neutron activation analysis data to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. Advances in Biomedical Science and Engineering 2014;1(1):26-42
[19] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Relations of the Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. BioMetals2014;27(2):333-348
[20] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: The distribution of 54 trace elements including zinc in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate gland tissues. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation Updates 2014;2(1):1-15.
[21] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Androgen-dependent chemical elements of prostate gland. AndrolGynecol: Curr Res2014;2:2
[22] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Differences and relationships betweenmorphometric parameters and zinc content innonhyperplastic and hyperplastic prostate glands.BJMMR 2015;8(8):692-706
[23] Zaichick V. The prostatic urethra as a Venturi effect urinejet pump to drain prostatic fluid. Med Hypotheses 2014;83, 65-68
[24] Mackenzie AR, Hall T, WhitmoreWFJr: Zinc content of expressed human prostate fluid. Nature (London) 1962;193(4810:72-73
[25] Marmar JL, Katz S, Praiss DE, et al: Values for zinc in whole semen, fraction of split ejaculate and expressed prostatic fluid. Urology 1980:16(5):478-480
[26] Zaichick V, Tsyb A, Dunchik VN, et al: Method for diagnostics of prostate diseases. Certificate of invention No 997281 (30.03.1981), 1981, Russia.
[27] Zaichick V, Sviridova T, Zaichick S: Zinc concentration in human prostatic fluid: normal, chronic prostatitis, adenoma, and cancer. IntUrolNephrol1996;28(5):687-694
[28] Zaichick V, Zaichick S,Davydov G:Method and portable facility for measurement of trace element concentration in prostate fluid samples using radionuclide-induced energydispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis. NuclSci Tech 2016;27(6):1-8
[29] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Effect of age on the Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn concentrations in human prostatic fluid investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent microanalysis. MicroMed2018;6(2):94-104
[30] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Trace element concentrations in the expressed prostatic secretion of normal and hyperplastic prostate. J UrolNeph St 2018;1(3):1-7
[31] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Trace elements of expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic cancer. J Clin Res Oncol2018;1(1):1-7
[32] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn levels in the prostatic secretion of patients with chronic prostatitis. Int Arch UrolComplic 2018;4:046
[33] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Significance of trace element quantities in the prostatic secretion of patients with chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer. JBRR 2019;2(1):56-61
[34] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in the prostatic fluid of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. ActaScientificMedicalSciences 2019;3(6):49-56
[35] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic cancer. American Journal of Research 2019;5-6:140-150
[36] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Some trace element contents and ratios in prostatic fluids as ancillary diagnostic tools in distinguishing between the benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis. ArchivesofUrology2019;2(1):12-20
[37] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in the prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis, Global Journal of Medical Research (F) 2019;19(4, Version 1.0):9-15
[38] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Significance of trace element quantities in the prostatic secretion of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat2019;5(48):1-9
[39] Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Some trace element contents and ratios in prostatic fluids as ancillary diagnostic tools in distinguishing between the chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer. Medical Research and Clinical Case Reports 2019;3(1):1-10
[40] Zaichick V: Applications of synthetic reference materials in the medical Radiological Research Centre. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1995;352:219-223
[41] Hjertholm P, Fenger-Gron M, Vestergaard M, et al:Variation in general practice prostate-specific antigen testing and prostate cancer outcomes: An ecological study. Int J Cancer 2015;136:435-442
[42] Genes VS: Simple methods for cybernetic data treatment of diagnostic and physiological studies. Nauka, Moscow, 1967
[43] Rossmann M, Zaichick V, Zaichick S: Determination of key chemical elements by energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence analysis in commercially available infant and toddler formulas consumed in UK. Nutr Food TechnolOpen Access 2016;2(4):1-7