Mind-Boggling, Pyrexia Causing Protozoan And Helminth Parasites

International Journal of Nursing and Health Science

© 2020 by SSRG - IJNHS Journal

Volume 6 Issue 3

Year of Publication : 2020

Authors : Raghavendra Rao M.V, Abrar Khan, Tiara Calvo, Gil Apacible, Frank Michael Navarrete, Abigail Apacible, Pamphil Igman

10.14445/24547484/IJNHS-V6I3P102

How to Cite?

Raghavendra Rao M.V, Abrar Khan, Tiara Calvo, Gil Apacible, Frank Michael Navarrete, Abigail Apacible, Pamphil Igman, "Mind-Boggling, Pyrexia Causing Protozoan And Helminth Parasites," SSRG International Journal of Nursing and Health Science, vol. 6,  no. 3, pp. 10-15, 2020. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/24547484/IJNHS-V6I3P102

Abstract:

"Fever is the most common systemic manifestation of the inflammatory response and cardinal symptoms of infectious diseases and are subject to physical and chemical stimuli" Protozoan and helminth parasites cause different fevers. Malaria important parasitic disease of humans. Malaria kills millions of people. The presence of multi-organ dysfunction adversely affects prognosis. Plasmodium vivax causes "Benign tertian malaria fever." Plasmodium malaria causes "Quartan malaria fever" or "Quotidian malaria fever." Plasmodium falciparum causes "Malignant tertian malaria fever," Blackwater fever," Cerebral malaria fever," "Aestivo autumnal malaria fever," and Plasmodium ovale causes "Ovale tertian malaria fever. "Giardia intestinalis, produce a fever is called "Beaver fever." Leishmania donovani produces "Kala-azar" or "Black fever" or " Dumdum fever." Pyrexia is often an early symptom, and it may be continuous or remittent in type and become intermittent at a later stage. Toxoplasma gondii produces fever with generalized lymphadenitis (Slim's disease). Schistosoma japanicum has "Katayama fever" or "Snail fever" in Japan. It is a generalized anaphylactic reaction characterized by fever, urticarial rash, eosinophilicle ucocytosis. Paragonimus westermani produces "Serum sickness-like fever" with generalized lymphadenitis." Filarial fever" is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or Filaria bancrofti. It is usually accompanied by a rise in temperature from 103 C to 104C, which may continue for several days.

Keywords:

Benign tertian malaria fever," Quartan malaria fever," "Quotidian malaria fever." "Malignant tertian malaria fever," "Aestivo autumnal malaria fever, Blackwater fever, "Cerebral malaria fever," "Ovale tertian malaria fever," "Beaver fever." "Black fever," or” Dumdum fever," "Katayama fever," or "Snail fever," "Sersickness-like fever," "Filarial fever."

References:

[1] New York State Department of Health. October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June (2015).
[2] Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O, (2004). Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363:1965–1976.
[3] WHO Malaria fact sheet no94,Geneva,WHO 2014htpp//www/who/Media centre/fact sheets/fs-094.1n/accessesed(8/07/2014)
[4] Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE, Plasmodium species(Malaria)Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Principles and practice of infectious Dis.7 th Ed, Philadelphia, Elsevier, Churchill Living stone;(2009) Chap 275
[5] KrogstadDJ,Malaria.InGoldmanL,AusielloD,Cecil,Medicine,23 rd Ed,Philadelphia,Pa Saunders,Elssavier (2007)Chap 36
[6] Harvey B, Remington JS, Sulzar AJ, IgM antibodies in a case of congenital Malaria in the US, Lancet (1969)1:333
[7] Ridley RG Medical need, scientific opportunity and the drive for antimalarial drugs, Nature, 415(2002) 686-693
[8] Haditch WA,et.al.Relapses in premature Malaria.Discovery of two populations of exoerythrocytic stages.Preliminary note, Br.Med.J.(1980) 280153-154
[9] WHO | Visceral leishmaniasis., www.who.int. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
[10] Desjeux P., The increase of risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 95(3) (2001) 239–43.
[11] Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH (June 2014)., Human schistosomiasis., Lancet. 383 (9936) 2253–64.
[12] Koç Z, Ulusan S, Tokmak N. Hepatobiliary fascioliasis: imaging characteristics with a new finding. Diagn Interv Radiol., (2009)15:247–251
[13] Prashanth Rawla; Sandeep Sharma. Trichinella Spiralis (Trichnellosis), (2020) NCBI, Treasure islands, Florida
[14] Singh TS, Sugiyama H, Rangsiruji A. Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in India. Indian J Med Res. (2012) 136:192–20
[15] Trilok Chandra Goel, Apul Goel, Filarial Fever, of Nephrology, Lymphatic Filariasis., (2016) 121-123
[16] Despommier DD, Griffin DO, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ, Knirsch CA., Giardia lamblia., Parasitic Diseases (7 ed.). Parasites Without Borders., (2019) 11–20. Retrieved 3.
[17] Feely, Dennis E.; Erlandsen, Stanley L.; Chase, David G. (2013)., Structure of the trophozoite and cyst., In Erlandsen, Stanley L.; Meyer, Ernest A. (eds.). Giardia and Giardiasis: Biology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology. Springer Science.
[18] Faso C, Hehl AB., Membrane trafficking and organelle biogenesis in Giardia lamblia: Use it or lose it". International Journal for Parasitology. 41 (5) (2011) 471–480
[19] Poinar G., Plasmodium Dominicana n. sp. (Plasmodiidae: Haemospororida) from Tertiary Dominican amber". Syst. Parasitol. 61 (1) (2005) 47–52.
[20] Liu W; Li Y; Learn GH; Rudicell RS; Robertson JD; Keele BF; Ndjango J-BN; Sanz CM; Morgan DB; Locatelli S; Gonder MK; Kranzusch PJ; Walsh PD; Delaporte E; Mpoudi-Ngole E; Georgiev AV; Muller MN; Shaw GW; Peeters M; Sharp PM; Julian C. Rayner JC; Hahn BH., Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas., Nature. 467 (7314) (2010) 420–25.
[21] Dubey JP., History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii., International Journal for Parasitology. 39 (8) (2009) 877–82.
[22] Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, et al. WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35671.
[23] World Health Organization. Leishmaniasis. World Health Org Fact Sheet. 2016; 375. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/. Accessed 23 Aug 20
[24] Lymphatic Filariasis Discovery., Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
[25] King CL, Freedman DP., Filariasis., In G.T. Strickland (ed.). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases(8th ed.). Philadelphia: E.B. Saunders. (2000) 740–53. ISBN 978-0-7216-6223-7
[26] Lynne Shore Garcia, Diagnostic Medical Parasitology-5 th Ed,2007, ASM press, Washington DC
[27] Amy Maxman, Interleukins adapt to parasites, Journal of experimental medicine, J Exp Med 206(6) (2009) 1211.
[28] World TB Day., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016).
[29] John Macleod, Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine, Fourteenth edition, ELB
[30] Dinarello CA, Porat R., Chapter 15: Fever., In Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 1–2 (20th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9781259644030., (2018).
[31] Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT.,Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 15 (6) (2015) 335–49.
[32] Boelaert M, Verdonck K, Menten J, et al., Rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with suspected disease., Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6(6) (2014) CD009135.
[33] Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M., A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis., Br Med J. 333 (7571) (2006) 723–6.
[34] Utzinger J, Becker SL, van Lieshout L, van Dam GJ, Knopp S., New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis., Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 21(6) (2015) 529–42.
[35] Mutro Nigo M, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Battegay M, Odermatt P, Hunziker P., Schistosomiasis: from established diagnostic assays to emerging micro/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology., (2019-12-19).
[36] Ghedin E, Wang S, Spiro D, Caler E, Zhao Q, Crabtree J, et al. (2007)., Draft genome of the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi., Science. 317 (5845) 1756–60
[37] Fischer. P, X. L. Liu, M. Lizotte-Waniewski, I H Kamal, RMR Ramzy, and SA Williums,.development of a quantitative, competitive PCR, ELISA, for the detection of Wucheraria, DNA. Parasitol. Res.85(1999) 176-185
[38] Iliana Neumann, Rhianna Ritter and Anne Mounsey, Strongyloides as a Cause of Fever of Unknown Origin, The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine May 25 (3) (2012) 390-393;
[39] Roberts, L.; Janovy, J., Jr. (2005). Foundations of Parasitology (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. p. 415
[40] Henriquez-Camacho C, Gotuzzo E, Echevarria J, White AC Jr, Terashima A, Samalvides F, Pérez-Molina JA, Plana MN Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 18(1) (2016) CD007745
[41] Nutman TB. Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species. Parasitology. 144(3) (2017) 263–273. doi:10.1017/S003118201600083
[42] Keiser J, Utzinger J. The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 73(2010) 197–230. doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(10)73008-6.
[43] Soukhathammavong P, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, et al. Efficacy and safety of mefloquine, artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, tribendimidine, and praziquantel in patients with Opisthorchis viverrini: a randomized, exploratory, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 11(2011) 110–118. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70250-4
[44] Xu LL, Jiang B, Duan JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel, tribendimidine, and mebendazole in patients with co-infection of Clonorchis sinensis and other helminths. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2014)8:e3046. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003046.
[45] David.T.John, William A, Petri, Jr, Markell, and Voges Medical Parasitology 9 Ed,,(2012) Saunders and Elsevier) 79- 10
[46] Landmann F, Voronin D, Sullivan W, Taylor MJ., Anti-filarial activity of antibiotic therapy is due to extensive apoptosis after Wolbachia depletion from filarial nematodes". PLoS Pathogens. 7 (11) (2011) e1002351
[47] https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/health_professionals/index.html#tx.
[48] https://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/strategy/en/.
[49] https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/strongyloides/health_professionals/index.html#tx.
[50] https://www.who.int/intestinal_worms/strategy/en/.
[51] https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/liver_flukes/index.html.
[52] https://www.who.int/foodborne_trematode_infections/clonorchiasis/en/.
[53] Allen L Truand, Manual of commercial methods in Clinical Microbiology, ASM Press, Washington, DC,(2002).