Call For Paper - Upcoming Conferences
Research Article | Open Access | Download PDF
Volume 13 | Issue 4 | Year 2026 | Article Id. IJCE-V13I4P102 | DOI : https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I4P102

Production of One-Part Alkali-Activated Mortars Reinforced with Waste-Based Corn Stalk Fibers

Kübra Ekiz Barış

Received Revised Accepted Published
05 Jan 2026 04 Feb 2026 03 Mar 2026 28 Apr 2026

Citation :

Kübra Ekiz Barış, "Production of One-Part Alkali-Activated Mortars Reinforced with Waste-Based Corn Stalk Fibers," International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 17-32, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I4P102

Abstract

The objective of this experimental research is to investigate the possibilities of using waste-based Corn Stalk Fibers (CSF) in one-part Alkali-Activated Mortars (AAMO) to determine the impact of fiber properties on the physical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of the material and the effectiveness of the fiber in increasing the strength under bending loads and developing ductile fracture behaviour. The optimal fiber content and length are 3% and 30 mm, respectively. Increasing the CSF content from 1% to 3% increases the Flexural Strength (FS) of the AAMO while decreasing its Unit Weight (UW), Compressive Strength (CS), Ultrasound Pulse Velocity (UPV), Modulus of Elasticity (MoE), and Thermal Conductivity coefficient (TC). More ductile fracture behaviour is observed with the inclusion of CSF. The porosity (P) (19.11%), Water Absorption ratio (WA) (14.89%), TC (0.48 W/mK), and FS and CS (3.36 and 6.03 MPa, respectively) of the CSF-reinforced one-part AAMO meet the expected performance criteria. Although extending the curing period from 28 days to 365 days enhances the properties, the period between 28 and 90 days is more effective.

Keywords

Alkali activation, Fiber content, Fiber length, One-part mixing method, Waste corn stalk fiber.

References

  1. Qingwen Xue, Zhaojun Wang, and Qingyan Chen, “Multi-Objective Optimization of Building Design for Life Cycle Cost and CO2 Emissions: A Case Study of a Low-Energy Residential Building in a Severe Cold Climate,” Building Simulation, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 83-98, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  2. Bassam A. Tayeh et al., “Durability and Mechanical Properties of Cement Concrete Comprising Pozzolanic Materials with Alkali-Activated Binder: A Comprehensive Review,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 17, pp. 1-17, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  3. Bree Bennett, Phillip Visintin, and Tianyu Xie, “Global Warming Potential of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 52, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  4. B. Cantero et al., “Durability of Concretes Bearing Construction and Demolition Waste as Cement and Coarse Aggregate Substitutes,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 134, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  5. Ahmad L. Almutairi et al., “Potential Applications of Geopolymer Concrete in Construction: A Review,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 15, pp. 1-20, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  6. Joseph Davidovits, “Properties of Geopolymer Cements,” First International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, KIEV Ukrain, vol. 1, pp. 131-149, 1994.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Riccardo Maddalena, Jennifer J. Roberts, and Andrea Hamilton, “Can Portland Cement Be Replaced by Low-Carbon Alternative Materials? A Study on The Thermal Properties and Carbon Emissions of Innovative Cements,” Journal of Cleanear Production, vol. 186, pp. 933-942, 2018.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  8. Yanguang Wu et al., “Geopolymer, Green Alkali Activated Cementitious Material: Synthesis, Applications and Challenges,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 224, pp. 930-949, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  9. Bassam A. Tayeh et al., “Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Geopolymer Concrete,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 15, pp. 1-21, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  10. Ali Allahverdi, Kamyar Mehrpour, and Ebrahim Najafi Kani, “Investigating the Possibility of Utilizing Pumice-Type Natural Pozzonal in Production of Geopolymer Cement,” Ceramics Silicates, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 16-23, 2008.
    [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  11. Dali Bondar et al., “Effect of Type, Form, and Dosage of Activators on Strength of Alkali-Activated Natural Pozzolans,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 251-260, 2011.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  12. Mostafa Vafaei, and Ali Allahverdi, “Influence of Calcium Aluminate Cement on Geopolymerization of Natural Pozzolan,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 114, pp. 290-296, 2016.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  13. Claudio Finocchiaro et al., “FT-IR Study of Early Stages of Alkali Activated Materials based on Pyroclastic Deposits (Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy) Using Two Different Alkaline Solutions,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 262, pp. 1-11, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  14. Roberta Occhipint et al., “Alkali Activated Materials using Pumice from The Aeolian Islands (Sicily, Italy) and their Potentiality for Cultural Heritage Applications: Preliminary Study,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 259, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  15. Germana Barone et al., “Potentiality of the use of Pyroclastic Volcanic Residues in the Production of Alkali Activated Material,” Waste and Biomass Valorization, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1075-1094, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  16. Patrick N. Lemougna, Kenneth J.D. MacKenzie, and U.F. Chinje Melo, “Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers) for Structural and Refractory Applications from Volcanic Ash,” Ceramics International, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 3011-3018, 2011.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  17. Hervé Kouamo Tchakouté et al., “Utilization of Volcanic Ashes for The Production of Geopolymers Cured at Ambient Temperature,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 38, pp. 75-81, 2013.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  18. B.I. Djon Li Ndjock, Antoine Elimbi, and Martin Cyr, “Rational Utilization of Volcanic Ashes based on Factors Affecting their Alkaline Activation,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 463, pp. 31-39, 2017.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  19. Juhyuk Moon et al., “Characterization of Natural Pozzolan-based Geopolymeric Binders,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 53, pp. 97-104, 2014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  20. Mohammed Ibrahim et al., “Influence of Nano-SiO2 on the Strength and Microstructure of Natural Pozzolan based Alkali Activated Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 173, pp. 573-585, 2018.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  21. Rami H. Haddad, and Zainab K. Lababneh, “Geopolymer Composites using Natural Pozzolan and Oil-Shale Ash base Materials: A Parametric Study,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 240, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  22. Hayami Takeda et al., “Fabrication and Characterization of Hardened Bodies from Japanese Volcanic Ash using Geopolymerization,” Ceramics International, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 4071-4076, 2014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  23. Dongping Song et al., “Feasibility Exploration on The Geopolymerization Activation of Volcanic Tuff, Parametrical Optimization, and Reaction Mechanisms,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 11, pp. 618-632, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  24. D.J. Ilham et al., “The Potential use of Volcanic Deposits for Geopolymer Materials,” IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 497, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  25. Rafia Firdous, and Dietmar Stephan, “Impact of The Mineralogical Composition of Natural Pozzolan on Properties of Resultant Geopolymers,” Journal of Sustainable Cement-based Materials, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 149-164, 2021.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  26. Rafael Robayo-Salazar et al., “Alkali-Activated Binary Mortar based on Natural Volcanic Pozzolan for Repair Applications,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 25, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  27. Mehrzad Mohabbi Yadollahi, Ahmet Benli, and Ramazan Demirboğa, “The Effects of Silica Modulus and Aging on Compressive Strength of Pumice-based Geopolymer Composites,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 94, pp. 767-774, 2015.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  28. S.T. Erdoğan, “Inexpensive Intumescent Alkali-Activated Natural Pozzolan Pastes,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 2663-2670, 2015.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  29. Refika Çetintaş, and Sezen Soyer-Uzun, “Relations between Structural Characteristics and Compressive Strength in Volcanic Ash based One-Part Geopolymer Systems,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 20, pp. 130-136, 2018.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  30. Ilker Tekin, “Properties of NaOH Activated Geopolymer with Marble, Travertine and Volcanic Tuff Wastes,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 127, pp. 607-617, 2016.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  31. E. Yaşar, and Y. Erdoğan, “Evaluation of Acidic (Nevşehir) and Basic (Osmaniye) Pumice in the Construction Sector,” Proceedings of the Türkiye International Mining Congress and Fair, Turky, pp. 409-418, 2005.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Fatih Kantarcı, İbrahim Türkmen, and Enes Ekinci, “Optimization of Production Parameters of Geopolymer Mortar and Concrete: A Comprehensive Experimental Study,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 228, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  33. Serife Ozata, Busra Akturk, and Nabi Yuzer, “Utilization of Waste Cappadocia Earth as a Natural Pozzolan in Alkali Activation: A Parametric Study,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 329, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  34. Muhammad Riaz Ahmad et al., “Multiproperty Characterization of Cleaner and Energy-Efficient Vegetal Concrete based on One-Part Geopolymer Binder,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 253, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  35. Hai-Yan Zhang, Jian-Cheng Liu, and Bo Wu, “Mechanical Properties and Reaction Mechanism of One-Part Geopolymer Mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 273, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  36. Cong Ma et al., “Properties and Characterization of Green One-Part Geopolymer Activated by Composite Activators,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 220, pp. 188-199, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  37. Sajjad Yousefi Oderji et al., “Fresh and Hardened Properties of One-Part Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Binders Cured at Room Temperature: Effect of Slag and Alkali Activators,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 225, pp. 1-10, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  38. Yi Wang, Hui Zhong, and Mingzhong Zhang, “Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Properties of Fly Ash-Slag based Strain Hardening Geopolymer Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 129, pp. 1-15, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  39. Azizatul Karimah et al., “A Review on Natural Fibers for Development of Eco-Friendly Bio-Composite: Characteristics, and Utilizations,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 13, pp. 2442-2458, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  40. Guido Silva et al., “Optimization of A Reinforced Geopolymer Composite using Natural Fibers and Construction Wastes,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 258, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  41. Ampol Wongsa et al., “Natural Fiber Reinforced High Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 241, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  42. Oguzhan Yavuz Bayraktar et al., “Hemp Fiber Reinforced One-Part Alkali-Activated Composites with Expanded Perlite: Mechanical Properties, Microstructure Analysis and High-Temperature Resistance,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 363, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  43. Bojan Poletanovic et al., “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibre Reinforced Alkali-Activated Fly Ash and Fly Ash/Slag Mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 259, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  44. Thamer Salman Alomayri, and I.M. Low, “Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical Properties in Cotton Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites,” Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 30-34, 2013.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  45. Thamer Salman Alomayri, Faiz Uddin Ahmed Uddin Ahmed Shaikh, and I.M. Low, “Characterisation of Cotton Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites,” Composites Part B-Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 1-6, 2013.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  46. G. Silva et al., “Evaluation of Fire, High-Temperature and Water Erosion Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Lightweight Pozzolana-based Geopolymer Mortars,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 706, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  47. Rachel Nkwaju Yanou et al., “Performance of Laterite-Based Geopolymers Reinforced with Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 15, pp. 1-16, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  48. Al-Ghazali Noor Abbas et al., “Effects of Fibers Length on the Properties of Kenaf Fibers-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2447, no. 1, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  49. Na Zhang et al., “Effects of Alkali-Treated Kenaf Fiber on Environmentally Friendly Geopolymer-Kenaf Composites: Black Liquid as the Regenerated Activator of the Geopolymer,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 297, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  50. Georgy Lazorenko et al., “Effect of Pre-Treatment of Flax Tows on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Natural Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Composites,” Environmental Technology and Innovation, vol. 20, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  51. G. Silva et al., “A Comparative Study of Linen (Flax) Fibers as Reinforcement of Fly Ash and Clay Brick Powder based Geopolymers,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 416, pp. 1-8, 2018.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  52. Yeddula Bharath Simha Reddy, S. Praburanganathan, and Minakshi Mishra, “Experimental Investigation on the Fiber Reinforced Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete with Musa Basjoo Fibers,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 3700-3706, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  53. Hanzhou Ye et al., “Interfacial Bonding Properties of the Eco-Friendly Geopolymer-Wood Composites: Influences of Embedded Wood Depth, Wood Surface Roughness, and Moisture Conditions,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 7420-7433, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  54. K. Taşdan, Egypt Situation and Forecast Report, 1st ed., Ankara, Türkiye: TEPGE Publishing, 2023.
    [Publisher Link]
  55. Monireh Fattahi et al., “Waste Corn Husk Fibers for Sound Absorption and Thermal Insulation Applications: A Step towards Sustainable Buildings,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 77, pp. 1-12, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  56. Peihan Wang et al., “Study on Preparation and Performance of Alkali-Activated Low Carbon Recycled Concrete: Corn Cob Biomass Aggregate,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 23, pp. 90-105, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  57. Solomon Oyebisi et al., “Evaluation of Reactivity Indexes and Durability Properties of Slag-based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Corn Cob Ash,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 258, pp. 1-15, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  58. Saloni et al., “Performance of Rice Husk Ash-based Sustainable Geopolymer Concrete with Ultra-Fine Slag and Corn Cob Ash,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 279, pp. 1-37, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  59. Luiz Arthur Silva de Aquino et al., “Agro-Industrial Waste from Corn Straw Fiber: Perspectives of Application in Mortars for Coating and Laying Blocks based on Ordinary Portland Cement and Hydrated Lime,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 353, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  60. Haochen Wang et al., “Influence of the use of Corn Straw Fibers to Connect the Interfacial Transition Zone with the Mechanical Properties of Cemented Coal Gangue Backfill,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 367, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  61. Rachid Kidari, and Amine Tilioua, “Investigation of the Thermomechanical Characteristics of Compressed Earth Bricks Reinforced with Cement and Corn Straw Waste Fibers,” Cleaner Waste Systems, vol. 9, pp. 1-14, 2024.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  62. Zheng Wu, Xiuli Wang, and Zhihua Chen, “Experimental Study on Preparation and Performance of the Corn Straw Fiber (CSF) Reinforced EPS Concrete,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 89, 2024.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  63. Zhipeng Jin et al., “Pre-Treated Corn Straw Fiber for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Preparation with High Resistance to Chloride Ions Corrosion,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 19, pp. 1-16, 2023.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  64. Sean S. Musil, P.F. Keane, and W.M. Kriven, “Green Composite: Sodium-based Geopolymer Reinforced with Chemically Extracted Corn Husk Fibers,” Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design IV, vol. 34, pp. 123-133, 2014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  65. TS EN 196-6 Data Sheet, Methods of Testing Cement-Part 1: Determination of Strength, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Türkiye, 1995. [Online]. Available: https://nazhco.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/bs_en_196_1_1995_methods_of_testing_cement_part_1_determination_of_strength.pdf
  66. I. Garcia-Lodeiro, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández-Jiménez, 2-An Overview of The Chemistry of Alkali-Activated Cement-based Binders, Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, pp. 19-47, 2015.
    [    CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  67. TS EN 196-1 Data Sheet, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Türkiye. [Online]. Available: https://standards.globalspec.com/std/10228279/ts-en-196-1
  68. Mazed M. Kabir et al., “Chemical Treatments on Plant-based Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: An Overview,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 2883-2892, 2012.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  69. Mazed M. Kabir et al., “Tensile Properties of Chemically Treated Hemp Fibres as Reinforcement for Composites,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 362-368, 2013.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  70. Geon-Wook Lee, and Young-Cheol Choi, “Effect of Abaca Natural Fiber on the Setting Behavior and Autogenous Shrinkage of Cement Composite,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 56, 2022.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  71. Xiaoli Xie et al., “Influence of Pretreatment of Rice Straw on Hydration of Straw Fiber Filled Cement based Composites,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 113, pp. 449-455, 2016.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  72. TS EN 12350-5 Data Sheet, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Türkiye. [Online]. Available: https://standards.globalspec.com/std/10238757/ts-en-12350-5
  73. TS EN 13755 Data Sheet, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Türkiye. [Online]. Available: https://standards.globalspec.com/std/10233625/ts-en-13755
  74. TS 699 Data Sheet, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, Türkiye. [Online]. Available: https://www.alldatasheet.com/view_datasheet.jsp?Searchword=TS699
  75. ISO 8335 Data Sheet, International Organization for Standardization, UK, 1987. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso:8335:ed-1:v1:en
  76. ASTM C518-17 Data Sheet, Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://store.astm.org/c0518-17.html
  77. Marfa Molano Camargo et al., “A Review on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer and Cement-based Composites,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 1-29, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  78. T. Alomayri et al., “Effect of Water Absorption on the Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabric-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites,” Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 223-230, 2014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  79. Hongyan Chen, Menghe Miao, and Xin Ding, “Influence of Moisture Absorption on the Interfacial Strength of Bamboo/Vinyl Ester Composites,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2013-2019, 2009.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  80. E. Prud'homme, E. Joussein, and S. Rossignol, 26 - Alkali-Activated Concrete Binders as Inorganic Thermal Insulator Materials, Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp. 687-728, 2015.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  81. R.Y. Nkwaju et al., “Iron-Rich Laterite-Bagasse Fibers based Geopolymer Composite: Mechanical, Durability and Insulating Properties,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 183, pp. 1-10, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  82. Afonso R.G. de Azevedo et al., “Natural Fibers as an Alternative to Synthetic Fibers in Reinforcement of Geopolymer Matrices: A Comparative Review,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 15, 2021.
    [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  83. Zhihao Su et al., “Influence of Different Fibers on Properties of Thermal Insulation Composites based on Geopolymer Blended with Glazed Hollow Bead,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 203, pp. 525-540, 2019.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  84. Guido Silva et al., “Natural Fibers as Reinforcement Additives for Geopolymers - A Review of Potential Eco-Friendly Applications to the Construction Industry,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 23, pp. 1-11, 2020.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  85. Kinga Korniejenko et al., “Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 151, pp. 388-393, 2016.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  86. Tiesong Lin et al., “Effects of Fiber Length on Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer Matrix Composites,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 497, no. 1-2, pp. 181-185, 2008.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  87. Yash Nahata, Nirav Kholia, and T.G. Tank, “Effect of Curing Methods on Efficiency of Curing of Cement Mortar,” APCBEE Procedia, vol. 9, pp. 222-229, 2014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  88. V.S. Athira et al., “Influence of Different Curing Methods on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Alkali Activated Binders,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 299, 2021.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
  89. M.S. Muñiz-Villarreal et al., “The Effect of Temperature on The Geopolymerization Process of a Metakaolin-based Geopolymer,” Materials Letters, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 995-998, 2011.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]