Non-Destructive Testing for Resilient Water Storage: A Sustainability Perspective for Overhead Reservoirs
| International Journal of Civil Engineering |
| © 2025 by SSRG - IJCE Journal |
| Volume 12 Issue 7 |
| Year of Publication : 2025 |
| Authors : Ram Prakash, T. Senthil Vadivel |
10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I7P104
How to Cite?
Ram Prakash, T. Senthil Vadivel, "Non-Destructive Testing for Resilient Water Storage: A Sustainability Perspective for Overhead Reservoirs," SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 51-62, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I7P104
Abstract:
The degradation of concrete in above water reservoirs poses intricate issues, requiring diverse in-situ evaluation techniques for accurate structural assessment. A singular Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) approach may be enough for simple situations; nevertheless, the varied circumstances in water reservoirs require a variety of procedures to guarantee precision. Rebound hammer tests may provide incorrect results on wet surfaces or constructions with high carbonation, while Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) measurements might fluctuate due to reinforcement. Furthermore, correlations obtained from experimental data are often confined to certain materials, mix ratios, and testing settings, making extrapolation outside defined limits dubious. This research examines the implementation of NDT procedures specified in BIS standards, concentrating on overhead water reservoirs. Case studies involving several overhead tanks demonstrated relationships between different NDT findings, namely between the rebound hammer and UPV tests. These correlations provide precise estimates of structural characteristics and evaluation of corrosion, even with little testing. The results primarily pertain to the cylindrical shaft staging of the above reservoirs, providing insights for sustainable and resilient water infrastructure. This research advances sustainable and climate-resilient water storage solutions essential for urban and rural water management systems by promoting proactive maintenance and improving structural resilience.
Keywords:
Corrosion, Cylindrical shaft staging, Non-Destructive Testing, Overhead storage reservoir, Sustainable construction.
References:
[1] Sewall Wright, “The Physiology of the Gene,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 487-527, 1941.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Jawwad Latif, Zulfiqar A. Khan, and Keith Stokes, “Structural Monitoring System for Proactive Detection of Corrosion and Coating Failure,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 301, pp. 1-22, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Durgesh C. Rai, and M. Eeri, “Seismic Retrofitting of R/C Shaft Support of Elevated Tanks,” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 745-76, 2002.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Jignesh Amin, Kaushik Gondaliya, and Chirag Mulchandani, “Assessment of Seismic Collapse Probability of RC Shaft Supported Tank,” Structures, vol. 33, pp. 2639-2658, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] H. Nam Phan et al., “Seismic Fragility Analysis of Elevated Steel Storage Tanks Supported by Reinforced Concrete Columns,” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 47, pp. 57-65, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Elif Güler, and Cenk Alhan, “Performance Limits of Base-Isolated Liquid Storage Tanks with/without Supplemental Dampers Under Near-Fault Earthquakes,” Structures, vol. 33, pp. 355-367, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] S.C. Dutta, S.K. Jain, and C.V.R. Murty, “Assessing the Seismic Torsional Vulnerability of Elevated Tanks with RC Frame-Type Staging,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 183-197, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Juan C. Virella, Luis A. Godoy, and Luis E. Suárez, “Fundamental Modes of Tank-Liquid Systems Under Horizontal Motions,” Engineering Structures, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1450-1461, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Chetan Jaiprakash Chitte, Shrikant Charhate, and S. Sangita Mishra, “Seismic Performance of R.C. Elevated Water Storage Tanks,” Materialstoday: Proceedings, vol. 65, pp. 901-907, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Sekhar Chandra Dutta, Somnath Dutta, and Rana Roy, “Dynamic Behavior of R/C Elevated Tanks with Soil–Structure Interaction,” Engineering Structures, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2617-2629, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] P. Kodanda Rama Rao et al., “Seismic Behavior of Existing Elevated Water Tanks Resting on Different Type of Foundations,” International Conference on Innovative and Sustainable Technologies in Civil Engineering, Bapatla, India, vol. 982, pp. 1-10, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] “IS 1893-1 (2002): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings,” Bureau Indian Satandards, pp. 1-45, 2002.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] “IS 13311-1 (1992): Method of Non-Destructive Testing of Concret, Part 1: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity,” Bureau Indian Satandards, pp. 1-14, 1992.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Y.J. Park, C.H. Hofmayer, and N.C. Chokshi, “Survey of Seismic Fragilities Used in PRA Studies of Nuclear Power Plants,” Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 62, pp. 185-195, 1998.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Chunyu Yuan et al., “Estimation of Water Storage Capacity of Chinese Reservoirs by Statistical and Machine Learning Models,” Journal of Hydrology, vol. 630, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Beatrice Cassottana et al., “Designing Resilient and Economically Viable Water Distribution Systems: A Multi-Dimensional Approach,” Resilient Cities and Structures, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 19-29, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Denis Mitchell, René Tinawi, and Tim Law, “Damage Caused by the November 25, 1988, Saguenay Earthquake,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 3, 1990.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Michele Dilena et al., “Structural Survey of Old Reinforced Concrete Elevated Water Tanks in an Earthquake-Prone Area,” Engineering Structures, vol. 234, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Razmyar Ghateh, Reza Kianoush, and Wes Pogorzelski, “Response Modification Factor of Elevated Water Tanks with Reinforced Concrete Pedestal,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 936-948, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] “IS 516 (1959): Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete,” Bureau Indian Satandards, pp.1-30, 1959.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Ayman Mohammad Mansour, and Fadzli Mohamed Nazri, “On the Influence of Fluid–Structure Interaction and Seismic Design on Frame-Supported Elevated Water Tanks,” Structural Engineering International, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 17-31, 2021. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] “IS 1893 : Part 1 : 2016: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures - Part 1 : General Provisions and Buildings,” Bureau Indian Satandards, pp. 1-44, 2016.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Aparna Dey Ghosh, Soumi Bhattacharyya, and Anuja Roy, “On the Seismic Performance of Elevated Water Tanks and their Control Using TLDs,” Key Engineering Materials, vol. 569-570, pp. 270-277, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] G. Shahanawaz, Nirupama, and T. Raghavendra, “Structural Health Assessment of Overhead Water Tank - A Case Study,” Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol. 9, pp. 1-23, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Sahar Hassani, and Ulrike Dackermann, “A Systematic Review of Advanced Sensor Technologies for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1-83, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Sujnani Kadakolmath, Rohan S. Gurav, and Vishnupant N. Misale, “Role of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation (NDTE) in Water Resource Engineering,” Journal of Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 31-37, 2022. [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Lebogang Nelson Makama, “Improving Maintenance Management of Reservoir Structures Using Smart Technological Systems,” Minor Thesis, University of Johannesburg, pp. 1-88, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]