Call for Paper - Upcoming Issues

Analysis of Asphalt Stiffness Modulus Utilizing Electronic Waste

International Journal of Civil Engineering
© 2025 by SSRG - IJCE Journal
Volume 12 Issue 9
Year of Publication : 2025
Authors : I Gusti Agung Ananda Putra
10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I9P103
pdf
How to Cite?

I Gusti Agung Ananda Putra, "Analysis of Asphalt Stiffness Modulus Utilizing Electronic Waste," SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 12,  no. 9, pp. 28-36, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I9P103

Abstract:

Rapid advancements in technology have caused a substantial increase in electronic waste (e-waste), which poses environmental hazards if not handled appropriately. This study explores how e-waste powder can serve as an additive in asphalt mixtures to enhance their rheological properties. Researchers mixed asphalt with e-waste powder in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3%, then tested the samples utilizing a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) across three testing conditions: unaged (initial state), short-term aging through the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT), and long-term aging via the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV). The results reveal that adding e-waste powder strengthens the asphalt stiffness modulus (E*), with increases of 21% to 462% depending on the e-waste content, improves resistance to deformation, and reduces fatigue cracking. Specifically, the asphalt mixed with 3% e-waste performed best, achieving a failure temperature of 81.4°C, compared to 66.5°C for conventional asphalt, indicating a 25-30% improvement in deformation resistance. RTFOT and PAV tests showed an increase in failure temperature, confirming greater deformation resistance compared to conventional asphalt. Beyond improving performance, integrating e-waste into asphalt can help minimize environmental pollution and offer a more sustainable approach to road pavement construction. However, researchers must conduct further studies to assess its long-term effects and determine its economic viability for large-scale application.

Keywords:

e-waste, Asphalt stiffness modulus, Asphalt rheology.

References:

[1] Amandeep Dhir et al., “Extended Valence Theory Perspective on Consumers' E-Waste Recycling Intentions in Japan,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 312, pp. 1-13, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Vanessa Forti et al., The Global E-waste Monitor 2020. [Online]. Available: https://ewastemonitor.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GEM_2020_def_july1_low.pdf
[3] Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan et al., “Effective Utilization of e-Waste Plastics and Glasses in Construction Products - A Review and Future Research Directions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 176, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Vikram J. Patel, Hemraj R. Kumavat, and Ganesh V. Tapkire, “An Experimental Study of Bituminous Pavement adding Electronic-Waste to Increase the Strength Economically,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 3297, no. 1, 2007.
[Google Scholar]
[5] C. Vaidevi et al., “Utilization of e-Waste in Flexible Pavement,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2271, no. 1, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Syukuriah Syukuriah et al., “Performance Evaluation of Magnesia-Type Refractory Brick Waste as Complete Replacement for Fine Aggregate and Filler in Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course Mixtures,” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 19575-19582, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Mohd Rosli Mohd Hasan et al., “A Simple Treatment of Electronic-Waste Plastics to Produce Asphalt Binder Additives with Improved Properties,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 110, pp. 79-88, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Taisir Khedaywi et al., “Effect of Waste Plastic Polyethylene Terephthalate on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures,” International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Pavement Interactive. [Online]. Available: https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/testing/binder-tests/dynamic-shear-rheometer/
[10] Baron W. Colbert, “The Performance and Modification of Recycled Electronic Waste Plastics for the Improvement of Asphalt Pavement Materials,” Master's Theses, Michigan Technological University, pp. 1-121, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Inamullah Khan et al., “Evaluating the Dynamic Response and Phase Angle Behavior of SBS-Modified Asphalt Mixtures for Enhanced Pavement Performance,” Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-26, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Nuha S. Mashaan et al., “Investigating the Engineering Properties of Asphalt Binder Modified with Waste Plastic Polymer,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1569-1574, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Ali A.S. Bayagoob, and Füleki Péter, “The Utilization of E-Waste in Asphalt Pavement: A Review,” Journal of Advanced Industrial Technology and Application, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 63-72, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Finn Hall, and Greg White, “The Effect of Waste Plastics on the Ageing Phenomenon of Bituminous Binders and Asphalt Mixtures,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 20, pp. 1-15, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Marie Enfrin, Rebecca Myszka, and Filippo Giustozzi, “Paving Roads with Recycled Plastics: Microplastic Pollution or Eco-Friendly Solution?,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 437, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Lingyun You et al., “Review of Recycling Waste Plastics in Asphalt Paving Materials,” Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 742-764, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Xiang Ge et al., “Halogenated and Organophosphorous Flame Retardants in Surface Soils from an E-Waste Dismantling Park and its Surrounding Area: Distributions, Sources, and Human Health Risks,” Environment International, vol. 139, pp. 1-10, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Waleed Zeiada et al., “Rheological Properties of Plastic-Modified Asphalt Binders Using Diverse Plastic Wastes for Enhanced Pavement Performance in the UAE,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 452, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] ASTM D2872-04, Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test), ASTM, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://store.astm.org/d2872-04.html
[20] ASTM D 6521 : 2008, Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV), ASTM, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.intertekinform.com/en-au/standards/astm-d-6521-2008-153170_saig_astm_astm_365436/?srsltid=AfmBOoorvt9pg8q73NcKU26LNrZ_rpTQZ9lVDfp4XfxybxPtIzQvv5XD
[21] John Read, and David Whiteoak, The Shell Bitumen Handbook, 5th ed., ThomasTelford, pp. 1-472, 2003.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Sheng Li et al., “Recycling Non-Metallic Powder of Waste Printed Circuit Boards to Improve the Performance of Asphalt Material,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1-14, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Erda Li, Wenyuan Xu, and Yang Zhang, “Performance Study of Waste PE-Modified High-Grade Asphalt,” Polymers, vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 1-15, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Liting Yu et al., “A Study on the Environmental Performance of an Asphalt Mixture Modified with Directly Added Waste Plastic,” Materials, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1-19, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]