Firefly Optimized Controllers for Frequency Stabilization in an Interconnected Micro-Grid Fed with Solar PV Systems and Electric Vehicles

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

© 2025 by SSRG - IJEEE Journal

Volume 12 Issue 4

Year of Publication : 2025

Authors : Endoori Rani, K. Naga Sujatha

10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V12I4P111

How to Cite?

Endoori Rani, K. Naga Sujatha, "Firefly Optimized Controllers for Frequency Stabilization in an Interconnected Micro-Grid Fed with Solar PV Systems and Electric Vehicles," SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 12,  no. 4, pp. 155-169, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V12I4P111

Abstract:

Microgrids (MGs) rely heavily on Renewable Energy Sources (RES), making frequency stability a top need. The indeterminate load patterns and inconsistent behaviour of energy from natural sources worsen this issue. This manuscript tackles the concern of regulating frequency in a two-area MG system incorporating an equal number of diverse energy sources like Photovoltaic (PV) systems, aqua-electrolyzers, turbines for wind, devices for energy storage, Automobiles with Electric Power, Bio-gas generators and fuel cells in Area 1 as well as Area 2. Addressing the challenge of Load Frequency Management (LFM), classical controllers, including I, PI, and PID, which stand for integral, proportional, and derivative, respectively, are employed and enhanced by applying the Firefly Algorithm (FA). Simulation results reveal the PID controller's superior performance, characterized by minimal settling periods and peak amplitude deviations. Moreover, the FA-PID controller tuned with the FA technique exhibits robust performance under varying demand conditions and demonstrates insensitivity to significant deviations in load demands.

Keywords:

Electric vehicle, Frequency deviation, Interconnected two-area micro grid, Renewable Energy Sources, Solar PV system.

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