Impact of Educational Infrastructure on Gross Enrollment Ratio

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science
© 2023 by SSRG - IJHSS Journal
Volume 10 Issue 4
Year of Publication : 2023
Authors : Taarush Grover
pdf
How to Cite?

Taarush Grover, "Impact of Educational Infrastructure on Gross Enrollment Ratio," SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 10,  no. 4, pp. 56-67, 2023. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V10I4P109

Abstract:

This paper analyses the impact of Educational Infrastructure on the Gross Enrollment Ratio of Upper-secondary Students in Government Schools by Analysing the UDISE Report of 2021-22 to identify the facility with the highest impact. Previous research has proven that education spending by the State and Central governments affects the States' educational outcomes. Among 17 major states of India, Bihar has spent a higher share of its GSDP on education between 2012-16. Less than 3% of the GSDP is allocated to education in the remaining states. The growth in education spending has been appalling, particularly since the Right to Education (RTE) Act. The states with an average expenditure of 2% are Uttar Pradesh (2.5%), Chhattisgarh (2.2%), and Madhya Pradesh (2%). Despite this active involvement in Education spending, certain factors play a more important role than others in determining educational outcomes. In this paper, the impact of infrastructure on the gross enrollment ratio was analysed.

Keywords:

Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER), Education facilities, Infrastructure, Return on investment, Policies.

References:

[1] Alexa Heidrich et al., Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island at Andaman and Nicobar Island, Pre-Feasibility Report, AECOM India Private Limited, 2021.
[Publisher Link]
[2] Agbo, and Igwe Sylvester, "Factors Influencing the Use of Information and Communication Technology ICT in Teaching and Learning Computer Studies in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State-Nigeria," Journal of Education and Practice, vol.6, no.7, pp. 71- 86, 2015.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Soniya Agrawal, How Delhi Govt's Mission Buniyaad Improved Literacy, Numeracy of Students in MCD Schools, The Print, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://theprint.in/india/education/how-delhi-govts-mission-buniyaad-improved-literacy-numeracy-of-students-inmcd-schools/1038965/
[4] Annual Status of Education Report (Rural), Early Years, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://img.asercentre.org/docs/ASER%202019/ASER2019%20report%20/aserreport2019earlyyearsfinal.pdf
[5] Ranajit Bhattacharyya, Annual Status of Education Report (Rural), ASER, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://img.asercentre.org/galleries/pressrelease_aser2021_english_final1.pdf
[6] Pankaj Mittal, and Amarendra Pani, Measuring Access to Higher Education through Eligible Enrolment Ratio (EER) Association of Indian Universities, 2020.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Systemic Drivers of Foundational Learning Outcomes, Central Square Foundation, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.centralsquarefoundation.org/Full%20Report_SystemicDriversofFLN.pdf
[8] Swasthya Sathi Scheme, Implemented by the Government of West Bengal, Department of Health and Family Welfare, Swasthya Sathi.gov.in, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://swasthyasathi.gov.in/AboutScheme
[9] Sangita Dhal, "Situating Digital India Mission in Pursuit of Good Governance: A Study of Electronic Governance Initiatives in the Indian Province of Odisha," Sage Journals, vol. 66, no. 1, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Delhi Govt and MCD to Implement Mission Buniyad in Schools Together: Atishi, ABP News Bureau, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://news.abplive.com/education/delhi-govt-and-mcd-to-implement-mission-buniyad-in-schools-together-atishi-marlena-department-of-education-delhi-1595958
[11] Andhra Pradesh Government launches NTR Arogya Raksha Scheme, GKToday, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.gktoday.in/andhrapradesh-government-launches-ntr-arogya-raksha-scheme/
[12] Government of India, Unified District Information System for Education Plus, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://udiseplus.gov.in/assets/img/dcf2021/UDISE+2020_21_Booklet_English.pdf
[13] Odisha Economic Survey 2022-23, Planning and Convergence Department, Government of Odisha, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://finance.odisha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/Odisha%20Economic%20Survey-2022- 23%20%28Digital%20Version%29%20Final.pdf
[14] Gross Enrolment Ratio, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/gross-enrolment-ratio
[15] Aitokhuehi et al., "The Impact of Computer Literacy on Students Academic Performance in Senior Secondary Schools in Esan West Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria," Journal of Education and Human Development, vol. 3, no. 3, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Gujarat: Eligibility Criteria for School Health Programme Extended, The Indian Express, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-eligibility-criteria-for-school-health-programme-extended-7451315/
[17] International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Research Paper Publishing, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://ijisrt.com/
[18] Nidhi Agarwal, and Atul Ade, UDISE+ School Analysis: Electricity Facilities in Schools across India, Careers360, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.careers360.com/premium/udise-school-analysis-electricity-facilities?&ici=premium-category-listing_career-insights&icn=article-130486
[19] Launch of Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2019 Early Years, Pratham, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.pratham.org/2020/02/12/launch-of-annual-status-of-education-report-aser-2019-early-years/
[20] Arun C Mehta, UDISE Plus 2021-22 Data Analysis: Implications for Universal School Education in India. Education for All in India, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://educationforallinindia.com/udiseplus-data-analysis-2021-22-india/
[21] Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Healthy States, Progressive India, Report on the Ranks of States and Union Territories The World Bank, NITI Aayog, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021- 09/SHI_Round_one%20_Report_09102021.pdf
[22] Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://rbsk.gov.in/RBSKLive/
[23] Shashank Goel, Ministry of Labour and Employment Labour and Employment Statistics, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://dge.gov.in/dge/sites/default/files/2022-08/Labour_and_Employment_Statistics_2022_2com.pdf
[24] National Family Health Survey - The Health Ministry, Digital Literacy Remains a Concern as Most Indian Women Have Never Used the Internet, The Economic Times, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/digital-literacy-remains-a-concern-as-most-indian-women-have-never-used-the-internet/articleshow/79736857.cms?from=mdr
[25] National Curriculum Framework for School Education, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/photo/99373216.cms?from=mdr
[26] 2.4 Lakh Households in Meghalaya Now Have Access to Drinking Water at Their Doorstep, Northeast Now, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/2-4-lakhs-households-in-meghalaya-now-have-access-to-drinking-water-at-theirdoorstep.html
[27] Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, National Portal of India, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/rashtriya-madhyamik-shiksha-abhiyan#tab=tab-1
[28] Nine Factors that Affect School Enrollment Growth, Rick Newberrys Blog, Enrollment Catalyst, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.enrollmentcatalyst.com/2012/03/21/nine-factors-that-affect-school-enrollment-growth/
[29] Innovating Education and Educating for Innovation: The Power of Digital Technologies and Skills, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Publishing, Innovating Education and Educating for Innovation, 2016.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] R.K. Pathak, Reimagining Vocational Education and Skill-Building, National Education Policy, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.in/shikshakparv/docs/background_note_Reimagining_Vocational_Education_Skill_building_revised.pdf
[31] Shaju Philip, Kerala 1st in Country with High-Tech Classrooms in Govt, Aided Schools: CM Pinarayi Vijayan, The Indian Express, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://indianexpress.com/article/education/kerala-1st-in-country-with-high-tech-classrooms-in-govt-aided-schools-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-6722675/
[32] Iqra Arshad, and Udomsak Seenprachawong, "Determinants of Enrollment at Secondary and Higher Level of Education in Pakistan," SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 48-62, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[33] Srinivas G. Roopi, Telangana Stands at Poor 15th Place with 9% Connectivity of Govt Schools: Online Education Still a Distant Dream. ET Government. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/telangana-stands-at-poor-15th-place-with-9-connectivity-of-govt-schools-online-education-still-a-distant-dream/84847385
[34] Ilhan Ozturk, The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Theoretical Perspective, ResearchGate, 2001. [Online]. Available:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24116294_The_Role_of_Education_in_Economic_Development_A_Theoretical_Pers pective
[35] Library Grant for Promoting Reading Habits, Samagra Shiksha, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://samagra.education.gov.in/library.html
[36] Access to Toilets and the Safety, Convenience and Self-Respect of Women in Rural India, Sambodhi Research and Communications, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Safety-security-and-dignity-of-women.pdf
[37] Meeta Sengupta, A Look at India's Deep Digital Literacy Divides and Why it Needs to be Bridged, The Financial Express, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/a-look-at-indias-deep-digital-literacy-divide-and-why-it-needs-to-be-bridged/1323822/
[38] Schools in North India: UDISE+ Report and Analysis of Basic Facilities, Careers360, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.careers360.com/premium/udise-plus-analysis-of-basic-facilities-in-schools-in-north-india
[39] Rohit Singh, 10 Lines on Education, TeachingBanyan.com, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.teachingbanyan.com/10-lines/10-lines-on-education/
[40] UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development-National Information-Indicators of Sustainable Development, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/indisd/english/chapt36e.htm
[41] Gross Enrolment Ratio, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://uis.unesco.org/en/glossary-term/gross-enrolment-ratio
[42] Clean India - Clean schools, UNICEF, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/clean-india-clean-schools
[43] India Water, Sanitation, Hygiene (Wash) Thematic Report, UNICEF India, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://open.unicef.org/sites/transparency/files/2020-06/India-TP6-2018.pdf
[44] Report: Unified District Information System For Education Plus (Udise+) 2018-19. [Online]. Available: https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/statistics-new/udise_plus_1819_rpt.pdf
[45] Janssen Teixeira, Jeremie Amoroso, and James Gresham, Why Education Infrastructure Matters for Learning, World Bank Blogs, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/why-education-infrastructure-matters-learning
[46] The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning, World Bank Group, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED604388.pdf