Assessment of Temperature Levels on the Probability of Corrosion for RC Decks Made of Various Percentages of Supplementary Cementitious Materials

International Journal of Civil Engineering
© 2025 by SSRG - IJCE Journal
Volume 12 Issue 11
Year of Publication : 2025
Authors : Mostafa Hassan
pdf
How to Cite?

Mostafa Hassan, "Assessment of Temperature Levels on the Probability of Corrosion for RC Decks Made of Various Percentages of Supplementary Cementitious Materials," SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 12,  no. 11, pp. 36-54, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V12I11P104

Abstract:

This research aims to evaluate the Probability of Chloride-Induced corrosion initiation (PCI) due to chloride, utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation method across various percentages of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), ranging from 10% to 50%, with the cement used in concrete mixes for uncracked Reinforced Concrete (RC) decks. Moreover, the RC decks are impacted by various maximum temperature scenarios. The maximum temperature values that affect the diffusion coefficient for chloride range from 25°C to 50°C, representing a different range of representative concentration pathways of the maximum temperature values in future years. The results show that the relationship between the impact of maximum temperature levels varying from 25°C to 50°C applied to the RC deck and the corresponding reliability index is a descending linear relationship across various percentages of SCMs used in the RC deck mixes. The impact of slag is more significant on the PCI compared to the fly ash used as an SCM in various mixes, when the percentages of both SCMs range from 10% to 30% for RC decks subjected to a maximum temperature value of 25°C, 35°C, and without the impact of maximum temperature. This study provides valuable insights into the assessment and management of RC bridges under climate change and offers a predictive model for assessing the risk of corrosion.

Keywords:

Climate Change, Fly Ash, Maximum Temperature, Probability of Chloride-Induced Corrosion Initiation, Slag.

References:

[1] H.J. Engell, Corrosion and Corrosion Control, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1963.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Carolyn M. Hansson, 1 - An Introduction to Corrosion of Engineering Materials, Corrosion of Steel in Concrete Structures, Second Edition, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 1-16, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] R. Winston Revie, and Herbert H. Uhlig, Corrosion, and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] P. Mehta, and Paulo J.M. Monteiro, Concrete Microstructure, Properties and Materials, McGraw-Hill Professional, pp. 1-659, 2006.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Fulai Qu et al., “Experimental Study on Chloride Ion Diffusion in Concrete Affected by Exposure Conditions,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1-12, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] TH. A. Bier J. Kropp, and H.K. Hilsdorf, “Formation of Silica Gel During Carbonation of Cementitious Systems Containing Slag Cement,” Proceedings 3rd International Conference Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Trondheim, Norway, vol. 114, pp. 1413-1428, 1989.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Carlos Eduardo Tino Balestra et al., “Evaluation of Chloride Ion Penetration through Concrete Surface Electrical Resistivity of Field Naturally Degraded Structures Present in the Marine Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 230, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Kyösti Tuutti, “Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” Doctoral Thesis (Monograph), Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, Division of Building Materials, Sweden, pp. 1-468, 1982.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] W. Lopez, and J.A. Gonzalez, “Influence of the Degree of Pore Saturation on the Resistivity of Concrete and the Corrosion Rate of Steel Reinforcement,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 368-376, 1993.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] C. Andrade, and C. Alonso, “Durability Design Based on Models for Corrosion Rates,” The Modelling of Microstructure and its Potential for Studying Transport Properties and Durability, pp. 473-492, 1996.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] G.J. Al-Sulaimani et al., “Influence of Corrosion and Cracking on Bond Behavior and Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 220-231, 1990.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] J.G. Cabrera, and P. Ghoddoussi, “The Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion on the Strength of the Steel/Concrete Bond,” International Conference on Bond in Concrete, pp. 11-24, 1992.
[Google Scholar]
[13] Lamya Amleh, and Saeed Mirza, “Corrosion Influence on the Bond between Steel and Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 415-423, 1999.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Lamya Amleh, and Alaka Ghosh, “Modeling the Effect of Corrosion on Bond Strength at Steel-Concrete Interface Using Finite Element Analysis,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 673-682, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Barbara Lothenbach, Karen Scrivener, and R.D. Hooton, “Supplementary Cementitious Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1244-1256, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] M.D.A. Thomas et al., “The Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Chloride Binding in Hardened Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Core Writing Team, Rajendra K. Pachauri, and Andy Reisinger, “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report,” Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC 2007, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-104, 2007.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] C. Andrade, and A. Castillo, “Evolution of Reinforcement Corrosion Due to Climatic Variations,” Materials and Corrosion, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 379-386, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Yingshu Yuan, and Jianhua Jiang, “Prediction of Temperature Response in Concrete in a Natural Climate Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 3159-3167, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Probabilistic Methods for Durability Design DuraCrete, Probabilistic Performance Based Durability Design of Concrete Structures, CUR, pp. 1-85, 1999.
[Publisher Link]
[21] E. Bastidas-Arteaga et al., “Influence of Weather and Global Warming in Chloride Ingress into Concrete: A Stochastic Approach,” Structural Safety, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 238-249, 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Q. Yuan et al., “Effect of Temperature on the Transport of Chloride Ions in Concrete,” Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II, pp. 159-160, 2008.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Anna V. Saetta, Roberto V. Scotta, and Renato V. Vitaliani, “Analysis of Chloride Diffusion into Partially Saturated Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 441-451, 1993.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Jun Zhang, Yuan Gao, and Yudong Han, “Interior Humidity of Concrete Under Dry-Wet Cycles,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 289-298, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Core Writing Team, Rajendra K. Pachauri, and Leo Meyer, “Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report,” Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC 2015, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-151, 2014.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Zongjin Li, Jun Peng, and Baoguo Ma, “Investigation of Chloride Diffusion for High-Performance Concrete Containing Fly Ash, Micro Silica, and Chemical Admixtures,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 391-396, 1999.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] D.P. Bentz et al., “Influence of Silica Fume on Diffusivity in Cement-Based Materials. I. Experimental and Computer Modeling Studies on Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 953-962, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] K.E. Hassan, J.G. Cabrera, and R.S. Maliehe, “The Effect of Mineral Admixtures on the Properties of High-Performance Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 267-271, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Jun Zhao et al., “Performance of GGBS Cement Concrete under Natural Carbonation and Accelerated Carbonation Exposure,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 2021, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Kritsada Sisomphon, and Lutz Franke, “Carbonation Rates of Concretes Containing a High Volume of Pozzolanic Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 1647-1653, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] L. Black, “Low Clinker Cement as a Sustainable Construction Material,” Sustainability of Construction Materials, pp. 415-457, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Odd E. Gjorv, “Effect of Condensed Silica Fume on Steel Corrosion in Concrete,” ACI Material Journal, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 591-597, 1995.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] M. Torres-Luque et al., “Non-Destructive Methods for Measuring Chloride Ingress into Concrete: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 68, pp. 68-81, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link
[34] M. Castellote et al., “Alkaline Leaching Method for Determining the Chloride Content in the Aqueous Phase of Hardened Cementitious Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 233-238, 2001.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] C. Arya, and J. Newman, “An Assessment of Four Methods of Determining the Free Chloride Content of Concrete,” Materials and Structures, vol. 23, pp. 319-330, 1990.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] B. Elsener, L. Zimmermann, and H. Böhni, “Nondestructive Determination of the Free Chloride Content in Cement-Based Materials,” Materials and Corrosion, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 440-446, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] B. Saassouh, and Z. Lounis, “Probabilistic Modeling of Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Concrete Structures Using First- and Second-Order Reliability Methods,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1082-1093, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] E.C. Bentz, and M.D.A. Thomas, “Life-365 Service Life Prediction Model,” Life-365 Consortium III, The Silica Fume Association, Lovettsville, VA, 2013.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[39] Seung Jun Kwon et al., “Service Life Prediction of Concrete Wharves with Early-Aged Crack: Probabilistic Approach for Chloride Diffusion,” Structural Safety, vol. 31, no. 1, pp.75-83, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[40] Byung Hwan Oh, and Seung Yup Jang, “Effects of Material and Environmental Parameters on Chloride Penetration Profiles in Concrete Structures,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 47-53, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[41] Seyedreza Alinaghimaddah, Mohsen Ali Shayanfar, and Mohammad Ghanooni-Bagha, “Effect of Distance from the Sea on Reinforced Concrete Chloride Corrosion Probability,” AUT Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 199-208, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[42] Dirk P. Kroese et al., “Why the Monte Carlo method is so Important Today,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, Computational Statistics, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 386-392, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[43] Seung-Kyum Choi, Ramana V. Grandhi, and Robert A. Canfield, Reliability-Based Structural Design, 1st ed., Springer, New York, USA, pp. 1-306, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[44] Ilya M. Sobol, A Primer for the Monte Carlo Method, 1st ed., CRC Press, pp. 1-126, 1994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[45] Malvin H. Kalos, and Paula A. Whitlock, Monte Carlo Methods, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link
[46] Adam Neville, “Chloride Attack of Reinforced Concrete: An Overview,” Materials and Structures, vol. 28, pp. 63-70, 1995.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[47] P.D. Cady, and R.E. Weyers, “Chloride Penetration and the Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Decks,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 81-87, 1983.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[48] A. Costa, and J. Appleton, “Chloride Penetration into Concrete in the Marine Environment-Part I: Main Parameters Affecting Chloride Penetration,” Materials and Structures, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 252-259, 1999.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[49] Kunal Tongaria, S. Mandal, and Devendra Mohan, “A Review on Carbonation of Concrete and Its Prediction Modelling,” Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 76-91, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[50] M.A. Baccay et al., “Influence of Cement Type and Temperature on the Steel Corrosion Rate in Concrete Exposed to Carbonation,” Corrosion, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 811-821, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[51] DuraCrete, “Statistical Quantification of the Variables in the Limit State Functions,” Contract BRPR-CT95-0132,” Project BE95-1347/R9, The EU-Brite EuRam III, 2000.
[Google Scholar]
[52] C.L. Page, N.R. Short, and A. El Tarras, “Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Hardened Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 395-406, 1981.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[53] Z.P. Bazant, and L.J. Najjar, “Drying of Concrete as a Nonlinear Diffusion Problem,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 461-473, 1971.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[54] “Canada’s Changing Climate Report,” Government of Canada, pp. 1-444, 2019.
[Publisher Link]
[55] Andrzej S. Nowak, “Calibration of LRFD Bridge Design Code,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program, NCHRP Report 368, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C, 1999.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[56] Jack R Benjamin, and C. Allin Cornell, Probability, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1-684, 1970.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
57] Richard E. Weyers et al., Concrete Bridge Protection, Repair, and Rehabilitation Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion: A Methods Application Manual,” National Research Council, Strategic Highway Research Program, pp. 1-268, 1993.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[58] Evan C. Bentz, “Probabilistic Modeling of Service Life for Structures Subjected to Chlorides,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 391-397, 2003.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[59] N.S. Berke, and M.C. Hicks, “Predicting Chloride Profiles in Concrete,” Corrosion, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 234-239, 1994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[60] Stephen L. Amey et al., “Predicting the Service Life of Concrete Marine Structures: An Environmental Methodology,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 205-214, 1998.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[61] Zoubir Lounis, and Lamya Amleh, “Reliability-Based Prediction of Chloride Ingress and Reinforcement Corrosion of Aging Concrete Bridge Decks - A Case Study Investigation,” 3rd International IABMAS Workshop on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and Design of Civil Infrastructure Systems and FIB WP 5.3-1, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 139-147, 2003.
[Google Scholar]