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Response Surface Methodology based Optimization of Low-Density Foamed Cement Mix Proportions

International Journal of Civil Engineering
© 2026 by SSRG - IJCE Journal
Volume 13 Issue 1
Year of Publication : 2026
Authors : C. Raghu Rami Reddy, H. Sudarsana Rao, Vaishali.G.Ghorpade
10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I1P116
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How to Cite?

C. Raghu Rami Reddy, H. Sudarsana Rao, Vaishali.G.Ghorpade, "Response Surface Methodology based Optimization of Low-Density Foamed Cement Mix Proportions," SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 13,  no. 1, pp. 187-197, 2026. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V13I1P116

Abstract:

This article provides an in-depth analysis of applying the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) approach in conjunction with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to enhance the composition of Low-Density Foamed Cement (LDFC). This study investigated the mechanical characteristics of cement-based LDFC mixtures. Fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin serve as Supplemental Cementitious Materials (SCMs) that replace portions of the cement, totalling up to 30% of the binder content. The dry density of LDFC mixes was evaluated between 400 and 800 kg/m³. Steel, glass, and polypropylene fibres are added in different amounts (from 0% to 2% by volume) to improve the ductility. The experimental investigation was performed to evaluate compressive and flexural strengths of LDFC mixes prepared with steel fibers, glass fibers, silica fume, fly ash, and Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE). LDFC with no fibers showed lower strength and brittle failure, reflecting its inherent weakness without reinforcement. By forming a fiber-cement network, steel fibres enhanced the flexural and compressive strengths. Pore volume decreased, and mechanical strength increased with a 15% addition of silica fume.

Keywords:

Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Low-Density Foamed Cement (LDFC), Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM), Compressive strength, Flexural strength.

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