Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement: Comparative Analysis

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

© 2025 by SSRG - IJEEE Journal

Volume 12 Issue 4

Year of Publication : 2025

Authors : Amalina Izzati, Hasmaini Mohamad, Kanendra Naidu, Norazliani Md Sapari, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin, Zuhaila Mat Yasin

10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V12I4P118

How to Cite?

Amalina Izzati, Hasmaini Mohamad, Kanendra Naidu, Norazliani Md Sapari, Lilik Jamilatul Awalin, Zuhaila Mat Yasin, "Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement: Comparative Analysis," SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 12,  no. 4, pp. 241-251, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V12I4P118

Abstract:

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles are gradually being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs), propelling the shift to environmentally friendly transportation. The environmental impact of ICE vehicles has accelerated the adoption of EVs to mitigate Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, necessitating the optimal planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS). This study explores strategies to improve power generation and voltage stability in distribution networks by integrating EVCS with distributed solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems. To minimize power losses and identify the optimal placement of EVCS in IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems, Evolutionary Programming (EP), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) are three optimization techniques that have been compared. To reduce the dependency on the grid and accommodate additional charging demand, the EVCS is being integrated with PV systems. The results demonstrate that GWO outperforms PSO and EP. GWO achieved the lowest power losses and the highest voltage profile improvements. These findings provide valuable insights into efforts to optimize EVCS placement, integrate it with sustainable energy systems, and improve power system efficiency.

Keywords:

Grey Wolf Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization, Evolutionary Programming, Optimal placement of electrical vehicle charging station, Photovoltaic.

References:

[1] Ahmad Bashaireh et al., “Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Case Study in Jordan,” IEEE Texas Power and Energy Conference, College Station, TX, USA, pp. 1-6, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Ibham Veza et al., “Electric Vehicle (EV) and Driving Towards Sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE Vehicles to Achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2050 from EV,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 82, pp. 459-467, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Michael Wicki et al., “How to Accelerate the Uptake of Electric Cars? Insights from a Choice Experiment,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 355, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Prateek Joshi, and Carishma Gokhale-Welch, “Fundamental of Electric Vehicles (EVs),” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, pp. 1 30, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Muhammad Shahid Mastoi et al., “An In-Depth Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure, Policy Implications, and Future Trends,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 11504-11529, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Luis Victor-Gallardo et al., “Strategic Location of EV Fast Charging Stations: The Real Case of Costa Rica,” IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference-Latin America, Gramado, Brazil, pp. 1-6, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Kazi N. Hasan et al., “Distribution Network Voltage Analysis with Data-Driven Electric Vehicle Load Profiles,” Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, vol. 36, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link] 
[8] Mohammad Aljaidi, Nauman Aslam, and Omprakash Kaiwartya, “Optimal Placement and Capacity of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Urban Areas: Survey and Open Challenges,” IEEE Jordan International Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, pp. 238-243, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Ning Liu et al., “A Charging Station Planning Model Considering the Charging Behavior of Private Car Users,” 10th Renewable Power Generation Conference, Stevenage, UK, pp. 225-231, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Sohail Ahmad Parah, and Majid Jamil, “Techniques for Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Review,” International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Energy and Control, Aligarh, India, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Fareed Ahmad et al., “Placement and Capacity of EV Charging Stations by Considering Uncertainties with Energy Management Strategies,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 3865-3874, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Abduh Sayid Albana, Arsalan Rafi Muzakki, and Muhammad Dzulfikar Fauzi, “The Optimal Location of EV Charging Stations at Surabaya Using the Location Set Covering Problem,” International Conference on Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power, Jakarta, Indonesia, pp. 95-99, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Mehmet Cem Catalbas et al., “Estimation of Optimal Locations for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations,” IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, Milan, Italy, pp. 1-4, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Leonardo Bitencourt et al., “Optimal Location of EV Charging Stations in a Neighborhood Considering a Multi-Objective Approach,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 199, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Sourav Kumar Sahu et al., “Modelling and Analysis of Distribution System Performance with Integration of Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Real-Time Environment,” IEEE 18th India Council International Conference, Guwahati, India, pp. 1-6, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Yuttana Kongjeen, Kulsomsup Yenchamchalit, and Krischonme Bhumkittipich, “Optimal Sizing and Placement of Solar Powered Charging Station Under EV Loads Penetration Using Artificial Bee Colony Technique,” International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia), Niigata, Japan, pp. 2430-2434, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Fareed Ahmad et al., “Optimal Siting and Sizing Approach of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station using a Novel Meta-Heuristic Algorithm,” 2nd International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies, Patna, India, pp. 1-6, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Dhiraj Kumar Singh, and Aahish Kumar Bohre, “Planning of EV Fast Charging Station Including DG in Distribution System Using Optimization Technique,” IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, Jaipur, India, pp. 1-6, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] B. Preetha Yesheswini et al., “Solar PV Charging Station for Electric Vehicles,” International Conference for Emerging Technology, Belgaum, India, pp. 1-7, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] N. Tutkun, and A.N. Afandi, “Design of a PV Powered Charging Station for PHEVs,” 6th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference, Rabat, Morocco, pp. 1-5, 2018. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Dongxiang Yan, and Chengbin Ma, “Optimal Sizing of A PV Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station Under Uncertainties,” 45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 4310-4315, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Kirti Pal, and Tripti Kunj, “Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station Energy Management System for Radial Distribution Network with a Photo-Voltaic Distributed Generator (PV-DG),” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 9, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Wenxin Huang et al., “Capacity Optimization of PV and Battery Storage for EVCS with Multi-Venues Charging Behavior Difference towards Economic Targets,” Energy, vol. 313, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] N. Himabindu et al., “Analysis of Microgrid Integrated Photovoltaic (PV) Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) Under Different Solar Irradiation Conditions in India: A Way Towards Sustainable Development and Growth,” Energy Reports, vol. 7, pp. 8534 8547, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Shiwei Li et al., “Optimal Dispatch for PV-Assisted Charging Station of Electric Vehicles,” IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Gourav Kumar Suman et al., “Optimisation of Solar/Wind/Bio-Generator/Diesel/Battery Based Microgrids for Rural Areas: A PSO-GWO Approach,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 67, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Devisree Chippada, and M. Damodar Reddy, “Optimal Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Along with Multiple Distributed Generator Units,” International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 40-53, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] M.H. Moradi, and M. Abedinie, “A Combination of Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal DG Location and Sizing in Distribution Systems,” Conference Proceedings IPEC, Singapore, pp. 858-862, 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Modestus O. Okwu, and Lagouge K. Tartibu, Grey Wolf Optimizer, Metaheuristic Optimization: Nature-Inspired Algorithms Swarm and Computational Intelligence, Theory and Applications, pp. 43-52, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] E. Emary, Hossam M. Zawbaa, and Aboul Ella Hassanien, “Binary Grey Wolf Optimization Approaches for Feature Selection,” Neurocomputing, vol. 172, pp. 371-381, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]