Efficient Design of Ripple Carry Adder with No-Crossover using an Optimized and Scalable QCA Full-Adder
| International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering |
| © 2025 by SSRG - IJEEE Journal |
| Volume 12 Issue 12 |
| Year of Publication : 2025 |
| Authors : Gurram Umadevi, Kanaka Durga Ganapavarapu, Chandra Sekhar Paidimarry |
10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V12I12P106
How to Cite?
Gurram Umadevi, Kanaka Durga Ganapavarapu, Chandra Sekhar Paidimarry, "Efficient Design of Ripple Carry Adder with No-Crossover using an Optimized and Scalable QCA Full-Adder," SSRG International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 71-83, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488379/IJEEE-V12I12P106
Abstract:
QCA has emerged as a leading nanocomputing technology and is positioned as a substitute for CMOS VLSI technology. This study presents an optimal and scalable coplanar QCA Full Adder with No-Crossover (QFANC) design using a Modified XOR gate (MXOR) structure that contains a part of the majority gate. The proposed QFANC design utilizes 13 QCA cells and is employed to efficiently design QCA Ripple Carry Adder circuits with no-crossover (QRCANC) with input sizes of 4-bit and 8-bit to demonstrate its scalability. The simulation and functional verification are performed using the QCA Designer (v2.0.3) tool. Energy dissipation of proposed designs and equivalent QFAs reported in the literature is estimated using the QCA Designer-E tool. Comparative analysis across various metrics implies that the suggested QFANC design is optimal with a reduction of 15% in area, 7% in cell complexity, and 3% in energy dissipation associated with the finest scalable QFA design reported.
Keywords:
Coplanar, No-crossover, Scalability, QCA Full Adder (QFA), QCA RCA (QRCA), Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA).
References:
[1] C.S. Lent et al., “Quantum Cellular Automata,” Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 49-57, 1993.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[2] Craig S. Lent, P. Douglas Tougaw, and Wolfgang Porod, “Quantum Cellular Automata: The Physics of Computing with Arrays of Quantum Dot Molecules,” Proceedings Workshop on Physics and Computation. PhysComp '94, Dallas, TX, USA, pp. 5-13, 1994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Craig S. Lent, and P. Douglas Tougaw, “A Device Architecture for Computing with Quantum Dots,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 541-557, 1997.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Wolfgang Porod, “Quantum-Dot Devices and Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 334, no. 5-6, pp. 1147-1175, 1997.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] P. Douglas Tougaw, Craig S. Lent, and Wolfgang Porod, “Bistable Saturation in Coupled Quantum‐Dot Cells,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 3558-3566, 1993.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] P. Douglas Tougaw, and Craig S. Lent, “Logical Devices Implemented using Quantum Cellular Automata,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 1818-1825, 1994.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Y.P. Arul Teen et al., “Programmable Multiplier Circuit Designed for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Devices,” Materialstoday: Proceedings, vol. 37, pp. 1295-1300, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Konrad Walus et al., “QCADesigner: A Rapid Design and Simulation Tool for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 1. pp. 26-31, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Frank Sill Torres et al., “An Energy-Aware Model for the Logic Synthesis of Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 3031-3041, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Saket Srivastava et al., “QCAPro - An Error-Power Estimation Tool for QCA Circuit Design,” 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 2377-2380, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Bibhash Sen, Ayush Rajoria, and Biplab K. Sikdar, “Design of Efficient Full Adder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2013, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] S. Hashemi, and K. Navi, “A Novel Robust QCA Full-Adder,” Procedia Materials Science, vol. 11, pp. 376-380, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Anantharaj Thalaimalai Vanaraj, Marshal Raj, and Lakshminarayanan Gopalakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Coplanar Adder and Subtractor in QCA,” 2020 Third International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, pp. 539-544, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Sankit Kassa et al., “A Novel Design of Coplanar 8-Bit Ripple Carry Adder using Field-Coupled Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology,” The European Physical Journal Plus, vol. 138, no. 8, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Sankit R. Kassa, and R.K. Nagaria, “A Novel Design of Quantum Dot Cellular Automata 5-Input Majority Gate with Some Physical Proofs,” Journal of Computational Electronics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 324-334, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Animesh Srivastava, and Rajeevan Chandel, “A Novel Co-Planar Five Input Majority Gate Design in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” IETE Technical Review, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 850-864, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Mohammad Mohammadi, Majid Mohammadi, and Saeid Gorgin, “An Efficient Design of Full Adder in Quantum- Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Technology,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 50, pp. 35-43, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Moslem Balali et al., “Towards Coplanar Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Adders based on Efficient Three-Input XOR Gate,” Results in Physics, vol. 7, pp. 1389-1395, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Firdous Ahmad et al., “Towards Single Layer Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Adders based on Explicit Interaction of Cells,” Journal of Computational Science, vol. 16, pp. 8-15, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Soheil Sarmadi et al., “A Structured Ultra-Dense QCA One-bit Full-Adder Cell,” Quantum Matter, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 118-123, 2016.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Trailokya Nath Sasamal, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, and Umesh Ghanekar, “Efficient Design of Coplanar Ripple Carry Adder in QCA,” IET Circuits, Device and Systems, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 594-605, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Shahram Babaie, Ali Sadoghifar, and Ali Newaz Bahar, “Design of an Efficient Multilayer Arithmetic Logic Unit in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA),” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 963-967, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour, Mohammad Mosleh, and Saeed Rasouli Heikalabad, “A Revolution in Nanostructure Designs by Proposing a Novel QCA Full-Adder based on Optimized 3-Input XOR,” Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol. 550, pp. 383-392, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Mostafa M. Abutaleb, “Utilizing Charge Reconfigurations of Quantum-Dot Cells in Building Blocks to Design Nanoelectronic Adder Circuits,” Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 86, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Md. Abdullah-Al-Shafi, and Ali Newaz Bahar, “An Architecture of 2-Dimensional 4-Dot 2-Electron QCA Full Adder and Subtractor with Energy Dissipation Study,” Active and Passive Electronic Components, vol. 2018, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Ali Majeed, and Esam Alkaldy, “High-Performance Adder using a new XOR Gate in QCA Technology,” The Journal of Supercomputing, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 11564-11579, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Jeyalakshmi Maharaj, and Santhi Muthurathinam, “Effective RCA Design using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata,” Microprocessors and Microsystems, vol. 73, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Behrouz Safaiezadeh, Majid Haghparast, and Lauri Kettunen, “Novel Efficient Scalable QCA XOR and Full Adder Designs,” arXiv Preprint, pp. 1-18, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Ismail Gassoumi, Lamjed Touil, and Abdellatif Mtibaa, “An Efficient QCA-based Full Adder Design with Power Dissipation Analysis,” International Journal of Electronics Letters, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55-67, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Seyed-Sajad Ahmadpour et al., “A Nano-Scale N-Bit Ripple Carry Adder using an Optimized XOR Gate and Quantum-Dots Technology with Diminished Cells and Power Dissipation,” Nano Communication Networks, vol. 36, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Ali Newaz Bahar, and Khan A. Wahid, “Design and Implementation of Approximate DCT Architecture in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2530-2539, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Vaseem Ahmed Qureshi, Angshuman Khan, and Rajeev Arya, “Efficient Adders for Nano Computing: An Approach using QCA,” Physica Scripta, vol. 100, no. 1, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Munmun Das, and Jayanta Pal, “An Optimized Full Adder Utilizing a Three-Input XOR Gate in QCA Technology,” 2024 IEEE Silchar Subsection Conference (SILCON 2024), Agartala, India, pp. 1-6, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Ahmed Moustafa, and Ahmed Younes, “Optimizing the Design of a Full Adder Utilizing Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Technology,” 2024 International Conference on Machine Intelligence and Smart Innovation (ICMISI), Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 232-237, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Taiba Hafeez, Bisma Bilal, and Bilal A. Malik, “Optimization of Fast Adders in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology,” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, pp. 1-13, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Carson Labrado, and Thapliyal Himanshu, “Design of Adder and Subtractor Circuits in Majority Logic-based Field-Coupled QCA Nanocomputing,” Electronics Letters, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 464-466, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Debashis De, and Jadav Chandra Das, “Design of Novel Carry save Adder using Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata,” Journal of Computational Science, vol. 22, pp. 54-68, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]